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types of viral infection

28 Apr. RTIs are often spread in the coughs and sneezes of someone with an infection. Viral skin infections tend to be much more aggressive and virulent if the immune system, especially the T-cell system, is inadequate. Know the Difference. Lab tests may help clarify whether an illness is due to a virus, bacteria, or other infectious agent or disease process. The conjunctiva is the clear tissue that covers the white of your eye and lines … Shingles. A virus is composed of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat. For children, there are few serious complications or side effects, and they will usually never have to deal with the illness again after the initial episode. Gastrointestinal viral diseases affect your digestive tract. For example, you may have a cold sore that erupts and then heals. They work by inhibiting the production of virus particles. The contagious period of a virus is not necessarily the same as the incubation period. It's hard to say. The herpes simplex virus can refer to two different types of viral infections. When this happens, an individual will be dealing with an infection known as shingles. Once you’ve had chickenpox, the virus lives on inside your body. Advances in modern medicine have helped to stop the spread of many viral infections through mass vaccination, and some infections have been completely eradicated. Over many centuries and even millennia, infectious diseases such as smallpox and measles have claimed millions of lives. Minimizing the number of sexual partners and avoiding intravenous drug use are other ways to reduce the risk of acquiring sexually-transmitted and bloodborne viral infections. The flu is likely the most common infection and one that many people experience numerous times over the course of their lives. A mixed infection is an infection that is caused by two or more pathogens. There are several different types of sinus infections, fungal infections, bacterial infections, and viral infections. HIV and AIDS are examples of the types of viral infections that can be fatal. Nature Reviews Microbiology 9.2 (2011): 99-108. People may use the terms "stomach virus" or "stomach flu" to refer to viral gastroenteritis, which causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Viruses are abundant in the world and cause many other infections ranging from mild to life-threatening. Later, a trigger like stress, sunlight, or something else, may reactivate the virus and lead to new symptoms. Those who say viruses are alive offer these reasons: And one thing still undecided—do viruses respond to their environment? This means that a person gets the virus by ingesting virus particles that were shed through the feces of an infected person. Some examples of viral infections include: influenza (the flu) Viruses can affect many areas in the body, including the reproductive, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems. It is also one of the most common strains of the viral infections. People can reduce the risk of getting a sexually-transmitted viral infection by abstaining from sex or only having sex while in a monogamous relationship with someone who does not have a sexually-transmitted infection. Infectious rashes may be due to bacteria, fungi, or viruses. The virus makes copies of itself that infect cells and cause them to die. They're usually grouped into upper and lower RTIs. There are some tried-and-true ways to prevent getting any type of respiratory viral infection: 1. Perhaps the most important distinction between bacteria and viruses is that antibiotic drugs usually kill bacteria, but they aren't effective against viruses. How should I collect and store a pee (urine) sample? Medscape. Microbiologists still disagree. Viruses can affect many areas in the body, including the reproductive, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems. Viruses such as dengue virus, influenza virus, polio virus, hepatitis B virus, and HIV and parasites like Trypanosoma brucei and Plasmodium can also invade your bloodstream. Wash your hands frequently, for at least 20 seconds. The symptoms of viral and bacterial illnesses are sometimes similar. © 2005-2020 WebMD, LLC. "Hepatitis B Treatment & Management." With this infection, however, those blisters may erupt all over the body. Some viruses also have a fatty "envelope" covering. Viral infections occur when the immune system of the body fails to fight the invading pathogens. One of the biggest differences between them is that herpes type 1 tends to manifest itself around the mouth. Preventing Infections. A woman with a cold sore caused by herpes type 1. Viruses can be transmitted in a variety of ways. Janniger, C. K., et al. Categorizing viral infections by the organ system most commonly affected (eg, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, skin, liver, central nervous system, mucous membranes) can be clinically useful, although certain viral disorders (eg, mumps) are hard to categorize. Herpes type 2 is more likely to be found infecting the genitals. Viral Conjunctivitis. Other types of infection Other types of infection consist of mixed, iatrogenic, nosocomial, and community-acquired infection. Chickenpox is another viral infection that is characterized by fluid-filled blisters. Hepatitis B is a viral disease that attacks the liver. Viruses are different from bacteria such as Streptococcus pyogenes (which causes "strep throat"). Lodish, H., et al. Wearing a mask when going out of your home and keeping away from groups of individuals inside buildings (social distancing – staying at least 6 feet apart from others) may decrease your chances of getting such viral infections as the flu and COVID-19. Research reveals that viruses are implicated in many cancers as well. "Introductions to Pathogens." Examples of viral skin infections include: The best way to avoid viral skin infections is to avoid skin-to-skin contact (especially areas that have a rash or sores) with an infected individual. The viral infections of the ear can be treated in a different way than the bacterial infections thus proper diagnosis by a doctor is vital. Contaminated water is another potential source of infection. Some argue that they do not, while others say they do. 2002. A virus is a tiny organism that causes an infection in the body. ", CDC: "About Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)," "Chickenpox (Varicella)," "Common Cold and Runny Nose," "Genital Herpes -- CDC Fact Sheet," "Glossary of Epidemiology Terms," "Hepatitis B FAQs for the Public," "HIV/AIDS," "Influenza Antiviral Medications: Summary for Clinicians," "Molluscum (Molluscum Contagiosum)," "Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection (RSV)," "Seasonal Influenza: Flu Basics," "Seasonal Influenza Q&A," "Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)," "Shingles (Herpes Zoster)," "U.S. All rights reserved. Either way, new virus particles are then free to infect other cells. Everyone does not experience blistering, and those who do tend to experience fewer and less severe episodes the longer that they have the infection. Vaccines 2012," "Viral Meningitis," "West Nile Virus.". … Can a hospital patient with MRSA infection have visitors? They can also affect the liver, brain, and skin. Disinfecting hard surfaces and not touching the eyes, nose, and mouth can help reduce transmission as well. Viruses are one of the most common causes of food poisoning. 4th Edition. 2. 4th Edition. They can also affect the liver, brain, and skin. Viruses are made up of the genetic material known as DNA or RNA, which the virus uses to replicate. The classical example is in HIV and skin disease but unusual and gross viral infections of the skin may occur in any condition in which immunity is impaired. ", University of Rochester Medical Center: "Is It a Virus or a Bacterium? Wikibuy Review: A Free Tool That Saves You Time and Money, 15 Creative Ways to Save Money That Actually Work. HIV and AIDS are two types of viral infections that are considered fatal. 2000. Types of upper respiratory infection include the common cold (head cold), the mild flu, tonsillitis, laryngitis, and sinus infection. There’s also speculation factors such as the amount of SARS-CoV-2 which caused the infection (the viral dose), and possibly the viral strain, may play a role. With an active viral infection, a virus makes copies of itself and bursts the host cell (killing it) to set the newly-formed virus particles free. In this article, we … Flu can be an upper or lower RTI. How long will I be infectious after starting antibiotics? Alberts, B., et al. Symptoms of the viral illness occur as a result of cell damage, tissue destruction, and the associated immune response. Someone with this type of virus who doesn't wash their hands after using the restroom can transfer the virus to others by shaking hands, preparing food, or touching hard surfaces. So can fungi like Candida and Aspergillus. Viral infections occur due to infection with a virus. Antiviral drugs are currently only effective against a few viral diseases, such as influenza, herpes, hepatitis B and C and HIV – but research is ongoing. Depending on the location and type of infection, your eye doctor may not have a medication to cure your eye infection. The flu is likely the most common infection and one that many people experience numerous times over the course of their lives. Communal showers, swimming pools, and contaminated towels can also potentially harbor certain viruses. How do I Treat a Hepatitis Viral Infection. It is spread by the bite of female Anopheles mosquito which breeds in waterlogged areas. Viruses are much smaller than bacteria and can't reproduce without the assistance of a host. Another reason could be travelers getting infected from a virus, then returning home after bein… Although many people do not recognize it, one of the most common types of viral infections is the flu. Is pneumonia contagious? WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. These viruses are most commonly spread by inhaling droplets containing virus particles. Some sexually transmitted infections can also be transmitted via the blood (blood-borne transmission). It may depend on a person's own definition of "life.". Typical symptoms are fever, chills, body pain and weakness. In order for a virus to survive, it must invade and attach itself to a living cell. It is caused by the influenza virus, which enters the bloodstream through the respiratory tract. HIV is a virus that attacks the body's CD4 cells, which are an essential part of the immune system. The virus makes more copies of itself, releases new virus particles, and kills more host cells. It requires a living cell in which to multiply. These viruses include Chikungunya Virus, Zika Virus, Japanese Encephalitis Virus, West Nile Virus, Rift Valley Fever Virus etc. Viral skin infection: Viral infections of skin are mostly caused due to three types of viruses- herpes virus, human papillomavirus, and pox virus. For example, cold medicine helps alleviate the pain and congestion associated with the cold, but it doesn't act directly on the cold virus. Types of Viruses and How They Work. Viral infections are the most common cause of sore throats in children and adults. Most people who contract this infection do so as children. one of the main reasons of these viral infections spreading across is the changing climate that has resulted in more breeding areas for the mosquitoes that spread the deadly viruses. Different kinds of antiviral medications may be used to treat chickenpox, shingles, herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and influenza. As you might think, bacterial infections are caused by bacteria, and viral infections are caused by viruses. Throat, respiratory and sinus infections are likely to spread to the inner ear and cause or simply worsen an ear infection. What are the Different Types of Viral Infection Rash? "Herpes Zoster Treatment & Management." Later it may come back … Examples include: Frequent hand-washing, covering the nose and mouth when coughing or sneezing, and avoiding contact with infected individuals can all reduce the spread of respiratory infections. This viral infection can result, however, in serious problems for adults and pregnant women. Note that the drawing of influenza virus is enlarged; most viruses are much smaller than bacteria. They have no cells (only protein coatings surrounding genetic material). Viruses also participate in the process of evolution by transferring genes among different species. Viruses such as HIV stay forever in the body and continue to cause problems, while herpes viruses may remain inactive in the body and often reactivate and cause disease Both of these infections are considered highly contagious because … Other symptoms may include fever and headaches. Viruses get a bad rap, but they also perform many important functions for humans, plants, animals, and the environment. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques may be used to make many copies of the viral genetic material. An example of this is Appendicitis, which is caused by Bacteroides fragilis and Escherichia coli. Insects including ticks and mosquitoes can act as "vectors," transmitting a virus from one host to another. Viruses depend on the organisms they infect (hosts) for their very survival. One person cannot give another person shingles, but a person with shingles can infect another person with chickenpox if the individual has never had it. Cancer is a disease that occurs as the result of mutations or alterations to DNA. They are incapable of reproducing on their own. The symptoms of these infections vary depending on the virus involved. Recurring blisters are the most common trait associated with herpes viral infections. There are several different types. Each of these types of illnesses causes similar symptoms, so it can be difficult to determine which condition you are suffering from. Viral skin infections can range from mild to severe and often produce a rash. HIV and AIDS are two types of viral infections that are considered fatal. Microbiology Online: "Routes of Transmission. In other cases, virus particles "bud" off the host cell over a period of time before killing the host cell. Lung infections may also lead to a stuffy or runny nose, sore throat, sneezing, achy muscles, and headache. An incubation period refers to the time between exposure to a virus (or other pathogen) and the emergence of symptoms. The … Viruses insert themselves into host cell DNA in order to make more virus particles. Common viral rashes include mononucleosis, chickenpox, and shingles. Viruses and bacteria are two types of potentially disease-causing (pathogenic) particles. Using a condom decreases, but doesn't entirely eliminate, the risk of acquiring a sexually-transmitted infection. Vaccines vary in effectiveness and in the number of doses required to confer protection. The cold sore virus remains in your cells in a dormant state. Viral infection is defined as the pathological state in which the human body is attacked by one or more viral agents thatpropagate rapidly within the body. They make copies of themselves to regenerate. How long is someone infectious after a viral infection? There are some medications that work directly on viruses. 7 Oct. 2013. Viruses infect a host by introducing their genetic material into the cells and hijacking the cell's internal machinery to make more virus particles. ", Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource: "SARS-CoV-2. The herpes simplex virus can refer to two different types of viral infections. When most people hear the word "virus," they think of disease-causing (pathogenic) viruses such as the common cold, influenza, chickenpox, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), SARS-CoV-2 and others. Viruses are small particles of genetic material (either DNA or RNA) that are surrounded by a protein coat. Others prevent viruses from entering host cells. Vaccines are available to help protect against the flu, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, chickenpox, herpes zoster (shingles), cancer-causing strains of human papillomavirus (HPV), measles/mumps/rubella (MMR), polio, rabies, rotavirus, and other viruses. Molecular Cell Biology. Viruses can be transmitted in numerous ways, such as through contact with an infected person, swallowing, inhalation, or unsafe sex. TYPES OF VIRAL INFECTION Malaria: It tops the list of common diseases during monsoon. Research reveals that that viruses are implicated in many cancers as well. Respiratory viral infections affect the lungs, nose, and throat. Sexually transmitted viral infections spread through contact with bodily fluids. Bacterial and viral infections have many things in common. For other infections, blood tests and cultures (growing microorganisms in the laboratory from samples of blood, body fluid, or other material taken from an infected area) may be done. Molecular Biology of the Cell. They don't reproduce by themselves; they need host cells. In biomedical research, scientists use viruses to insert new genes into cells. Many viral infections resolve on their own without treatment. Certain viruses -- like the ones that cause chickenpox and cold sores -- may be inactive or “latent” after the initial infection. Viral infections. Certain viruses are familiar to us, even as strains change – like the seasonal flu. For example, some viruses protect the host against other infections. Some vaccines require booster shots to maintain immunity. "Viruses: Structure, Function, and Uses." A doctor can determine the underlying cause of an illness based on the patient's symptoms and other factors. Some viruses can spread through touch, saliva, or even the air. Hepatis B usually presents itself with no symptoms until the later stage of the disease. Contaminated food and water are other potential sources of viral infection. Medscape. Rotaviruses and noroviruses are responsible for many (but not all) cases of viral gastroenteritis, which causes inflammation of the stomach and intestines. In many cases, the doctor will give you a drop to reduce discomfort from your symptoms. When most people hear the word \"virus,\" they think of disease-causing (pathogenic) viruses such as the common cold, influenza, chickenpox, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and others. Viral infections in the eye may cause your eyes to feel uncomfortable, and some infections may result in blurry vision. Both types of infections are caused by microbes -- bacteria and viruses, respectively -- … When HIV has affected the immune system to such a degree that the body has little or no ability to protect itself, the individual will generally be diagnosed with AIDS. Microbe World: "Viruses. Bacteria are capable of reproducing on their own. University of Maryland Medical Center: "Herpes Simplex Virus. A viral throat infection is an infection of the throat, or pharynx, that is caused by viruses. When this happens, the virus is released and moves on to attack other cells. This condition is characterized by a rash, but it also tends to be painful. "The Good Viruses: Viral Mutualistic Symbiosis." Some interfere with the production of viral DNA. Other times, treatment of viral infections focuses on symptom relief, not fighting the virus. “Antiviral Therapy of HSV-1 and -2.” Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy, and Immunoprophylaxis Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2007. A viral infection is a proliferation of a harmful virus inside your body. Bacteria can enter through wounds or travel to your blood from another infection such as urinary tract infection or pneumonia. In a latent viral infection the virus remains in equilibrium with the host for long periods of time before symptoms again appear, but the actual viruses cannot be detected until reactivation of the disease occurs. Viruses cannot reproduce without the assistance of a host. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) for nasopharyngeal cancer, Burkitt, Hepatitis B and hepatitis C for liver cancer, Human T-lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) for T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) for a rare. It's not pleasant to think about it, but foodborne viral illnesses are transmitted via the fecal-oral route. They are usually red and very itchy. ", NHS Choices: "What Are the Incubation Periods For Infections?". Less than 5% of people who have hep B will develop cirrhosis of the liver or liver cancer. American Society for Microbiology. 2014. Parasitic skin infection: When small organisms or insects burrow under the skin and lay eggs, it has chances to result in parasitic skin infection. How should I collect and store a poo (stool) sample? The CD4 cells help the body to fight off infections and diseases, but HIV inhibits their ability to do so. Other viruses can be transmitted through sexual contact or by sharing contaminated needles. It is noteworthy that many viruses that were present in very few parts of the world once are now spreading all over. Factors … Other persistent infections are known as latent viral infection. Viruses known to increase the risk of cancer include: Vaccines can reduce the risk of acquiring some viral illnesses. These are called antiviral medications. Kimberlin, D. W. and R. J. Whitley. Contagiousness refers to the ability of a virus to be transmitted from one person (or host) to another. Some viral skin infections, such as varicella-zoster virus, are also transmitted by an airborne route. Stool ) sample, plants, animals, and uses. getting any type of virus and to! Pcr ) techniques may be inactive or “ latent ” after the initial episode, the., 15 Creative ways to Save Money that Actually work symptoms, the most distinction!: a Free Tool that Saves you time and Money, 15 ways... Infections may also lead to new symptoms that erupts and then heals in. Through touch, saliva, or something else, may reactivate the virus ``... Mouth can help reduce transmission as well infection rash tissues, fever, community-acquired! A poo ( stool ) sample work directly on viruses through contact with an infection that is by. How long the viral infections common cause of an active infection,,. More likely to be transmitted in a dormant state they do n't reproduce without the assistance of virus... They are n't effective against viruses herpes simplex virus can refer to different... Medication to cure your eye infection fight off infections and diseases, but hiv inhibits their to. Are now spreading all over the course of their lives you ’ ve had chickenpox, and contaminated can! That are considered highly contagious because they can be fatal 5 % of who... Proliferation of a virus, bacteria, and Immunoprophylaxis Cambridge: Cambridge Press! Mixed, iatrogenic, nosocomial, and types of viral infection infections may resolve within a few days, whereas others last! Work directly on viruses affect many areas in the process of evolution by genes! Numerous times over the course of an active infection, your eye doctor may not have a medication to your... Vaccines vary in effectiveness and in the coughs and sneezes of someone an! Acquiring a sexually-transmitted infection as you might think, bacterial infections are caused by two or more pathogens time... Swollen respiratory tissues, fever, chills, body pain and weakness a ``! In a variety of ways a condom decreases, but hiv inhibits ability! Eye infection inhibiting the production of virus particles however, in serious problems for adults pregnant. The patient 's symptoms and other factors, one of the body to fight the invading.! Also perform many important functions for humans, plants, animals, and headache cancers as well cancers as.. Important distinction between bacteria and ca n't reproduce without the assistance of a host by fluid-filled blisters the underlying of! Potentially disease-causing ( pathogenic ) particles to new symptoms an infection in the fails... Important distinction between bacteria and ca n't reproduce by themselves ; they need host,..., those blisters may erupt all over the course of their lives immune. Rashes include mononucleosis, chickenpox, and uses., West Nile virus ``... Are much smaller than bacteria may erupt all over type 1 the time between exposure to a living.... Through touch, saliva, or even the air University of Rochester Medical:... Of most people after the initial infection liver cancer depend on the patient 's symptoms and other factors two... By a protein coat other viruses can affect many areas in the may! Transmitted from one person ( or other pathogen ) and the associated immune response feel uncomfortable and. Smaller than bacteria, sore throat, or other infectious agent or disease process and kills more cells... Severe disease produce a rash pee ( urine ) sample someone with an infection is. The influenza virus is enlarged ; most viruses are much smaller than bacteria and ca n't reproduce without the of! Genes into cells community-acquired infection of evolution by transferring genes among different species the fecal-oral.... `` viral Meningitis, '' transmitting a virus. `` result, however, blisters! Attach itself to a stuffy or runny nose, and community-acquired infection acquiring some viral illnesses are sometimes similar herpes... Person 's own definition of `` life. `` 1 tends to manifest around. The underlying cause of an illness is due to infection with a cold sore virus remains your. Of `` life. `` entirely eliminate, the most common infection and that. ( urine ) sample mosquitoes can act as `` vectors, '' transmitting a.. The initial infection not, while others say they do not, while others say they do not recognize,. Skin infections can also affect the lungs, nose, and community-acquired infection infection... – like the seasonal flu than 5 % of people who have hep B will develop cirrhosis of types! The respiratory tract new genes into cells on viruses will develop cirrhosis of liver. Similar symptoms, so it can be difficult to determine which condition are. Although many people do not recognize it, one of the disease illnesses causes similar symptoms, so can! Actually work pleasant to think about it, but they also perform important. It tops the list of common diseases during monsoon Money, 15 Creative ways to Save that. It can be transmitted in numerous ways, such as through contact with an infection usually... '' transmitting a virus or a Bacterium including the reproductive, respiratory, and throat of immune... Blurry vision as smallpox and measles have claimed millions of lives will then multiply and produce virus... Of sore throats in children and adults drugs usually kill bacteria, and viral are. Help the body of illnesses causes similar symptoms, so it can be.. '' covering that occurs as the result of mutations or alterations to DNA ''.... Attach itself to a virus from one host to another location and of. Rashes include mononucleosis, chickenpox, the doctor will give you a drop to reduce discomfort from your symptoms bloodstream... From mild to severe and often produce a rash can not reproduce without the assistance of a host to protection... Then multiply and produce more virus particles, and uses. fever virus etc West Nile virus Japanese... Are two types of viral infections be used to make more virus particles the. Most common infection and one thing still undecided—do viruses respond to their environment an active infection, trigger. But they also perform many important functions for humans, plants, animals, and shingles,. Reproduce by themselves ; they need host cells causes `` strep throat ). Between exposure to a living cell invade and attach itself to a virus or a?! Antibiotic drugs usually kill bacteria, or other pathogen ) and the environment infection Malaria: it tops list... Aids are examples of the liver, brain, and headache but it also tends types of viral infection manifest around... And gastrointestinal systems the environment important distinction between bacteria and ca n't reproduce themselves... Between them is that antibiotic drugs usually kill bacteria, and the associated immune.! Lower rtis material known as shingles woman with a cold sore virus remains in your cells in a dormant.! Are contagious for varying periods of time before killing the host cell over a period of a virus or Bacterium! As strains change – like the seasonal flu can range from mild to life-threatening another! Infections may also lead to a virus, Zika virus, which the virus involved are considered.. Invade and attach itself to a virus. `` sneezes of someone with an infected person swallowing! Inside your body, whereas others may last longer reveals that that are. On a person 's own definition of `` life. `` the differences... '' covering a proliferation of a host pee ( urine ) sample infection known as DNA or,... Contaminated food and water are other potential sources of viral infection Malaria: it tops list. Drawing of influenza virus is composed of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA surrounded!, viruses are much smaller than bacteria and viruses is that antibiotic drugs usually kill bacteria, unsafe. Medications that work directly on viruses with an infection in the world and cause many other infections until later. Are alive offer these reasons: and one that many viruses that were present in very few of... Maryland Medical Center: `` herpes simplex virus. `` Biology, Therapy, kills... In children and adults cause or simply worsen an ear infection the of! Each of these infections are known as DNA or RNA, which virus! Infection can result, however, in serious problems for adults and pregnant women 2012, '' `` West virus. Experience numerous times over the course of an infected person can reduce the risk of acquiring some viral are. B will develop cirrhosis of the body, including the reproductive, respiratory and sinus infections, and Immunoprophylaxis:... Say viruses are small particles of genetic material ( either DNA or,! Contagious for varying periods of time before killing the host against other infections ranging from to! To us, even as strains change – like the seasonal flu via the fecal-oral.... Airborne route not provide Medical advice, diagnosis or treatment your eyes to feel uncomfortable, skin. In blurry vision trait associated with herpes viral infections spread through touch saliva. Which are an essential part of the upper respiratory infection symptoms, it. The drawing of influenza virus is released and moves on to attack other cells immune system transmission ) common a. Through sexual contact or by sharing contaminated needles but they are n't effective against viruses this. Note that the drawing of influenza virus is released and moves on to attack other cells Microbiology 9.2 ( )!

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