stream The pupae are creamy white in colour and, holes. �� �'>���w)�� -���P�!���GC��-����4W��bdf(�`(�{������)�l̎ ����`��)j,`�{����Z" " m�Qi � 0Ne`hfZϴ�Y�Y���ٗE��.�,���oFvC+^�3v���Rj��C�Ef�fp��7������$�9 ̱�'@!�6�=X��H`�) �eT 0 �ڂ8 endstream endobj 142 0 obj <> endobj 143 0 obj <>/Resources<>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/Properties<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 93 0 R/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 595.28 841.89]/Type/Page>> endobj 144 0 obj <>stream Aldrin and dieldrin as outstanding agents in the, Anonymous. Fungal diseases are presented in the following sequence: foliar diseases, stalk rots, smuts and ear rots. www.kws-uk.com. Reproduction begins five days after the final moult. Learn more about the importance, transmission, diagnosis, and control of plant diseases. (1992). season, and also in spring in Haryana and Punjab. Only heavy infestation, transform into shiny brown pupae. Research should focus on low-input IPM approaches that encompass farmers' current practices, host-plant resistance, and natural biological control. The braconid larval avenae. Seed treatment with Metalaxyl at 4 g/kg and foliar spray of Mancozeb 2.5 g/l or Metalaxyl MZ at 2g/l is recommended. Ears and shoots are also infested and seed set may be affected. maize area, the productivity can only be raised by providing seed of improved cultivars, better agronomic practices and protection against diseases and pests. Spraying of monocrotophos @ 1.6 mL/L of water or thiodicarb 750 g a.i./ha in water, Sorghum, pearl millet, cotton, sugarcane, groundnut and vegetables. A manual on the most important pests and diseases of the major food crops grown by smallholder farmers in Africa. Maize Field Guide Maize Crop Development, Pests and Diseases. Blister beetle. This review is based on earlier works performed by many investigators on insecticidal and acaricidal property of bioactive components derived from Piper longum. Maize stem borer can be controlled by adjusting the rotational cropping technically as with soybeans and peanuts. formulations are very effective in the control of cut worm. The total oviposition period was observed to be seven days with average fecundity as 405 and maximum number of eggs (174) obtained on second day of emergence of adults. and Sharma, C. (1954). stages take about 5 to 7 days to complete development. Maize can be very susceptible to many different diseases. To study the egg laying pattern of Sesamia inferens (Walker) on maize (Zea mays L.), a set of variable number of 12-day old plants, i e 1, 2, 3 and 4 plants in each set of resistant cultivar HQPM 1 and susceptible cultivar, Basi Local were offered to a single pair of adult S. inferens in versatile insect rearing cage. in groups and feed on the epidermal layer. In the Kenyan highlands, total losses due to pests in maize were estimated at 57 percentage, with insect pests being more important than diseases (Grisley, 1997). (1949). The distribution pattern of eggs on plants resulted in the decline in number of eggs per plant with increase of every additional plant. h�Ėmo�6ǿ At high larval densities, hand picking became impracticable and integrated control measures recommended included pest surveillance; adjusted time of sowing; chemical treatment of the soil; use of insecticides if necessary; digging trenches round infestations; and increasing the effectiveness of larval and pupal parasite by spraying selective pesticides. Dehydrodiferulate cross-links are involved in maize defence mechanisms against insects such as the European, Mediterranean, and tropical corn borers and, storage pest as the maize weevil. Control of bean pests in Africa is achieved through the use of a traditional IPM approach that consists of appropriate sowing dates, optimum plant density, varietal mixtures, intercropping, good crop husbandry, and locally available materials. Tomato Pests and Diseases: The following information is about Tomato Pests and Diseases that affect the Tomato crop yield.. parasitoidsMicroplitis rufiventris Kokujev,M. growing plants either below the surface or above the ground. produce side tillers which may also be attacked. Maize stalk borers are pests of maize, sorghum and other crops throughout many countries in Africa. Biotic Constraints Cultural control methods serve today as a central pivot in the implementation of IPM. Plant diseases can be classified as infectious or noninfectious, depending on the causative agent. The parasitoid The problem with such mentality, the incidence of these diseases continues to increase, especially under the present actively changing circumstances in agriculture when new germplasm is almost freely moving throughout all environments, agronomic practices are changing, and there is a conspicuous expansion of area where maize is being grown due to an increased demand. agro-ecosystem as such is very unstable, however, maize provide a very congenial, proved beyond doubt in several lepidopterous pests in, one corner of the field avoids the carryover of infestation as the larvae hibernate in, Alternatively spray carbaryl @ 2.5g/L water. the four causal agents for maize diseases: fungi, bacteria, viruses, and mollicutes. Most diseases covered are economically significant or have the potential to become so. Soil insects can significantly affect establishment as can other establishment pests in some seasons or high risk situations. them sterile. • The grown up caterpillar are about 20-25 mm long and dirty greyish white with black head and four brownish longitudinal stripes on the back. Neem cake incorporation in soil is effective in decimating the population. : Sorgum, finger millet, red gram, cotton, rice and other grasses, Injury may start at the leaf edge or in the center of the leaf adjacent to the, Spray Dimethoate 0.02% or Phosphomidon 250 mL in 450-500 L, This pest is distributed throughout India. Lindane and trichlorphon resulted in the yields of 39.48-45.78 q/ha. The present study was conducted to determine egg and larval parasitoids of the beet armywormSpodoptera exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which is an important but sporadic pest in Turkey. This section covers the most important pests and diseases that affect maize, sorghum, millet and rice in Africa. Maize (Zea mays L. ssp. One of the most important requirements for growing corn is a high quality soil which is deep, fertile and well-draining with a pH between 6.0 and 6.8. In 1983 a serious outbreak of armyworm (Mythimna separata) occurred in maize seedlings, almost completely destroying the crop. These insect pests of maize cause damage to the plant and these cause stress to the plant. Biotic Constraints Care should be taken to avoid partially decomposed manure. small, greenish blue which give birth to living nymphs. Irrigation of field also reduces termite for a short period. determined to be 10-15 days old plants. There is a man called Dr ehiaguna a herbal practitioner who helped cure me from HSV (2), i had suffered from this diseases for the past 5 years and i have spent so much money trying to survive from it. Certain insect pests are abundant almost every year and tend to be chronic problems. It also includes MAIZE:Post-harvest Operations Page 2 1. Basic requirements Corn is best grown in warm, tropical and sub-tropical regions as it requires warm soils to develop optimally. one queen in the colony and normally it lives from 5-10 years. 1987. Generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) revealed significant resistance to bean fly in the Ugandan traditional varieties. E.H. Smith and David Pimentel). One of the challenges of growing these crops is the presence of maize pests. The earlier literature cites over 160 insect and mite species which attack maize crop (Fletcher. ��h��9�")i(�J��#Β�_�6c�)C�����(�y��������H�~����P�€0c+W[I��cE"aƨp �B�Jt�(ጢİ�P�8v"4�¹`����f�K����$_��O~㔇1^ӫ��]�0��/�?CJg�'�9��T�8��@�F. (1987). Bacterial diseases; Bacterial leaf blight and stalk rot: Pseudomonas avenae subsp. Mathur, L.M.L. Possible reasons for this difference in larval parasitism between two on underground parts such as roots of seedlings and older plants. Other pests Sucking pests. Annual report 2013-2014. Shoot bug sucks sap from the leaf whorls, between the leaf sheath and the stem. Incidence and distribution behaviour of, Sertkaya, E., Bayram Ahmet and Kornosor Serpil (2004). Pathogen/Disease description: Southern rust pustules are circular to oval light brown to orange and occur in clusters mainly on the upper side of the leaf. Destruction of plant debris by deep ploughing and other methods. Bibliography of Maize Pests in India. Agarwal, S.B.D. application of phytochemicals associated with P. longum in insect pests control may be an alternative to currently used chemical pesticides for development of target specific, biodegradable into nontoxic products, safer and potentially suitable to use in integrated pests management programmes. Corn plants are very heavy feeders and even the most fertile of soils may need to supplemented with nutrients as the plants develop, particularly nitrogen. Fungus: Puccinia polysora. The loss caused was. A removable inner cup was used to reduce the quantity of vermiculite which must be searched for thc retrieval of cutworms. Hence, this document aimed to provide comprehensive integrated pest management practices to reduce crop losses caused by diseases and insect pests of maize. PESTS OF MAIZE Presented by: Ch.Naga Satyasri M.Sc(Ag)-I year 2 3. Relationship between host age and fitness components of Hyposoter didymator Thunb. Egg laying pattern of Sesamia inferens on maize (Zea mays), Egg and larval parasitoids of the beet armywormSpodoptera exigua on maize in Turkey, Estimation of loss in yield of maize due to insect pests with special reference to borers, INSECT CONTROL IN CORN—PRACTICES AND PROSPECTS, Modified Larval Bait Trap for Sampling Black Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations in Field Corn, First Record of Armyworm, Mythimna separata (Haworth) as a serious pest of maize in Kullu (HP) India and recommendations for its integrated management, identification of multiple borer resistant geno types in maize, Management of Air-Borne Viruses by "Optical Barriers" in Protected Agriculture and Open-Field Crops, Insect Pests of Beans in Africa: Their Ecology and Management, Phytochemicals derived from Piper longum in insect and mite pests management: A review. Causal organism: Fungus: Cercospora zea-maydis Symptoms: 1. pesticides for pest control (Mathur, 1992). The damage averaged 80%, resulting in resowing. low level of production, of which insect pests are chiefly involved. Further, the plant architecture offers a suitable niche for them to hide during harsh conditions, thus naturally protecting the crop from the ravage of pests considerably. ‘Aerial Insect, between the host age and fit-ness components of. So, this guide focuses on the most critical pests and management options. 141 0 obj <> endobj 171 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<5BDD7C1C6884E780E3FAD160239869ED>]/Index[141 45]/Info 140 0 R/Length 140/Prev 649702/Root 142 0 R/Size 186/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream and Sharma, 1975), but overall grain loss is reported to be 20 per cent (Pathak. Southern Corn Rust. Spraying of 5% neem seed kernel extract for the management of early instar larvae, Spraying of quinalphos 2 mL or monocrotophos 1.6 mL or neem formulations 5 mL/L, . These mixtures can be enhanced by the use of resistant varieties in the mixtures to reduce bean fly damage on susceptible popular varieties. plant sap. The number of eggs laid on HQPM 1 was 47.7 % more than the number of eggs laid on Basi Local. All rights reserved. Soil insects can significantly affect establishment as can other establishment pests in some seasons or high risk situations. • Its caterpillar damage maize and sorghum by boring into the stems, cobs or ear. identifying wheat and triticale diseases in the field. Severely infested plants are stunted and may appear to have cob and tassel at one place. Trap size was reduced from 1.98 to 0.41 liters without substantially reducing trap efficiency. In some countries, the use of pest control based on pesticides in certain crops has resulted in the development of pest resistance to pesticides (see 5.6), pest resurgence, the development of secondary pests into major pests, an increase in pesticide use, an increase in production costs, and uneconomic crop production. Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh, development in 1-2 months and then pupate in soil. (1961). Pests, weeds and disease in maize crops can severely reduce yield and quality. by the farmers is much less than the built-in yield potential of the variety. It is a s. monocrotophos or 0.2% carbaryl or 0.04% triazophos or 0.075% acephate is recommended. maize defence mechanisms against insects such as the European, Mediterranean, and tropical corn borers and, storage pest as the maize weevil. One of the most common insects that cause damage to maize is a corn earworm. Southern rust pustules have a yellow halo surrounding the pustules when the leaf is held against light. Pest or disease Tissue/organ Cell wall component References The caterpillars bore into the stem of maize, feed on the internal tissues and cause the plant to wither and die. Improvement. is widespread in Bihar, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Himachal. This group of methods is based on the understanding of the complex interactions between disease, Damage by insect pests, inter alia, is considered the limiting factor of bean production in Africa. Globalization, trade and climate change, as well as reduced resilience in production systems due to decades of agricultural intensification, have all played a part. For maize, threatening organisms are stem borers, nematodes, bacteria, viruses, fungi and weeds are some of the organisms that have a negative impact on the maize plant. (2000). MAIZE DISEASES VI. Chilo partellus is a regular pest of kharif maize.Sesamia inferens is more prevalent in rabi crop, but it also occurs in spring maize.Atherigona spp. Atherigona spp. Plant diseases are primarily caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses. Although numerous insect pests attack all, The need for the development of alternative types of selective control methods for crop protection with reduced use of chemical pesticides was the main objective of this present review article. The number of eggs was divided unequally when two plants were made available with the first plant receiving 60-70% of the eggs. Insect pests of maize: a guide for field identification. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. Bhutani, D.K. Sesamia inferens is more prevalent in rabi crop, but it also occurs in spring maize. In the same way that our maize cultivars have been developed for production; our chemicals have also been advanced for the effective control in diseases and pests in our crops. species complex and its impact on the pest were analyzed in a 4-year study in first and second crop maize. 2013, 14 6962 Table 1. Use of larval bait (Story and Keaster, 1983). Insect Pests of Maize in KwaZulu-Natal by R.A. Bell. ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication. MAIZE INSECT PESTS IMAGES . Two of these components, cylinders and wheat bran, had a significant effect on larval capture, whereas metal guides and lids had little or no effect and were not incorporated into the modified trap design. The highest reduction in root damage, obvious 21 days after planting, was found in systematic random mixtures with at least 50 % of the resistant variety. In 1982 caterpillars were only seen at a few places (not as a pest) feeding on wild grasses. are a regular pest in spring maize in the northern part of India. Following interventions have been suggested. Digging near damaged seedlings and destruction of larvae. Four trap components used in the original trap were adapted to the modified trap and evaluated. By understanding the pest bioecology, pest management in maize ecosystem becomes quite effective and economical. Thrips rasp plant tissue and suck plant juices; leaves appear sand-blasted, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab and peninsular India, Sorghum, pearl millet, rice, cotton, sugarcane, groundnut and vegetables, Both nymphs and adults feed by sucking sap, congregating underside of. Studies on the ecology and control of. Damage occurs from one week to, Removal and destruction of affected shoots along with the larvae, The pest is reported on maize, wheat and gram, The pests are distributed throughout India. This guide contains pictures, basic descriptions, and management tips of economically important weeds, diseases, pest insects, and vertebrates. The pest scenario is therefore, different in different ecological zones. The content of the report was discussed with the Government in several occasions, in particular with the Department for Crop Protection and the Commissioner Mr. Byantwale T. Stephen that participated in the Vitamin deficiency diseases pdfdiseases of maize pdf List of maize diseases – Wikipedia PDF Crop Pests and Diseases. the four causal agents for maize diseases: fungi, bacteria, viruses, and mollicutes. Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and W, appearance, plump and dark brown in colour. 226238 dated 15 December, National Symposium on Biotechnological Approaches for the, (Ed. Maize borers and shoot fly are the regular pests that occur in three different growing seasons of the crop. Biology of an ichneumonid Hyposoter didymator Thunb. Occurrence and biology of maize shoot fly in India. American Society of Agronomy, Kaur Jaswinder, Pradyumn Kumar, Jagbir Singh, Suby SB and Deva Ram Bajya. (1961). THE FUTURE . Sandhu, G.S. The maize stalkborer, Busseola fusca, is the most serious insect pest of maize in South Africa, and has caused enormous crop losses (estimated at more than 10% of the national crop).The use of pheromone moth traps has greatly enhanced timeous spraying against this pest. Grey Leaf Spot. geographical conditions. This paper reviews the current status of insect pests of beans, focusing on their ecology and management, as well as the potential for integrated pest management (IPM) approaches in subsistence farming conditions, under which most beans are grown in Africa. Maize borers and shoot fly are the regular pests that occur in three different growing seasons of the crop. In addition, cross-links are also were recently observed in fields of first and second crop maize in the southeast Mediterranean region of Turkey. Summary of literature attending to the role of the cell wall composition on maize resistance to pests and diseases. The maximum number of plants utilized for depositing the eggs was four out of ten plants offered to the female, although at times, the female oviposited six plants as well but the total number of eggs did not increase when the number of plants exceeded more than four, on contrary, it got reduced. Chilo partellus is a regular pest of kharif maize. Maize leafhoppers and maize thrips are widespread but irregular in Queensland, and can rapidly re-infest crops after spraying meaning more than one spray may be required. In the Kenyan highlands, total losses due to pests in maize were estimated at 57 percentage, with insect pests being more important than diseases (Grisley, 1997). Lesions are pale brown or grey to tan, long, narrow and rectangular, being characteristically restricted by veins 2. Maize can be attacked by a wide range of insects, but relatively few are major and/or regular pests. ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, Pusa. allow the aphids to cause much economic loss. Hence, this document aimed to provide comprehensive integrated pest management practices to reduce crop losses caused by diseases and insect pests of maize. SEEDING . 2. Wied. www.kws-uk.com. Egg, Kumar Pradyumn, Jalali, B. L., Kumar Surender and Singh Amerika (2001). 279-292. Therefore, adjustment in sowing dates is often resorted to as an agronomic strategy to minimize the crop losses. There were more caterpillars in maize near ripened wheat suggesting migration from wheat to maize. A cutworm larval bait trap was improved for sampling black cutworm populations in field corn. There are seven nymphal instars, and the development is completed in 16 days. For monitoring of flying insect pests and their, such as seed, seed rate, fertilizers, irrigation time of sowing; intercrop, crop rotation, etc. 2015. Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. pest on subsequent second crop maize. High beet armyworm population levels Insect pests of maize in Rajasthan. abstaining from unwarranted sprays of chemical pesticides. Crop damage occurs because the larvae bored into the stems of plants to get food. Although helicoverpa is nearly always present in maize, it is rarely 2. Two types of larval and one pupal parasites were obtained. Entomological Society of India, New Delhi, pp. Most of the important diseases of maize are foliar and the more common ones are rusts, leaf blights, leaf spots, brown spots, downy mildew, and maize streak virus (MSV).. permitted higher parasitism. maize area, the productivity can only be raised by providing seed of improved cultivars, better agronomic practices and protection against diseases and pests. The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10340-015-0678-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. The pest is distributed throughout India. Deep ploughing of infested field to expose pests to sun and predators. It is intended primarily for agricultural researchers, technicians, and farmers in developing nations, but will also be of value to others. have. SINCE 1856 Changing complex of maize pests in India. The spread of transboundary plant pests and diseases has increased dramatically in recent years. Maize stem borer (O. furnacalis), these pests attacking crops in vegetative and generative vase. Chilo partellus is a regular pest of kharif maize. h�b```�$V�&!ʰ2�0p\8����ѠАm@(��z��A� Most diseases covered are economically significant or have the potential to become so. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Some South Indian Insects and Other Animals of Importance, Indian Patent No. Maize stem borer, Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) • Most destructive pests of maize and sorghum. However, parasitoid activity was insufficient to counterbalance the population growth of the Academic, New. In the past maize cultivars were developed for resilience and resistance where now the biggest focus is on … The egg distribution within a plant showed significantly more percentage (58.57) of eggs on first leaf sheath followed by second leaf sheath (27.19) and least number on basal leaf sheath (14.24). and Kaushal, K.K. Some insects are active only at night or may simply be diffi­ cult to find in the field. Among the parasitoid species the solitary endoparasitoidH. Other pests are sporadic and occur only every 5 to 10 years in numbers great enough to reach economic thresholds. agents and their vectors as well as the interactions between the vectors and their habitat. Electronic supplementary material Bacterial leaf spot: Xanthomonas campestris pv.holcicola. damage from bean stem maggot were collected. (1959). I… Egg and larval parasitoids of beet, Singh, S.N., Singh, S., Mehto, D.N. In book: Pests and Their Management (pp.51-79). In many African countries, the average maize yield per hectare is very low. Data on bean fly incidence, severity and root. Plant disease, an impairment of the normal state of a plant that interrrupts or modifies its vital functions. Grey leaf spot is a serious fungal disease of. This guide contains pictures, basic descriptions, and management tips of economically important weeds, diseases, pest insects, and vertebrates. didymator was the most prevalent species, being reared from 40.5% of the parasitized larvae found. It also includes sections that describe beneficial insects, common types of herbicide injury, and general horticultural practices. Cotton, sorghum, soybean, groundnut, tobacco, several legumes, vegetables, Selection of maize hybrids with tight husk, : Sugarcane, wheat, coconut, groundnut cotton. 2014. The lesions may merge forming large grey blotches with irregular margins killing the leaves Foliage beetles, flower thrips, pollen beetles, pod borers, pod bugs, and sap suckers such as aphids also inflict significant damage. Introduction. Most of these diseases are prevalent on maize in the humid coastal and rainforest areas if the tropics and are less troublesome in the drier areas of the interior. The summarization of all recent works on, The bean fly (Ophiomyia spp.) Int. Further, the plant architecture offers. stages with highest incidence of pests and diseases. Chilo partellus is a regular pest of kharif maize. Bacterial stalk rot: Enterobacter dissolvens = Erwinia dissolvens: Bacterial stalk and top rot reduce significantly the losses associated with plant pests and diseases. application with wettable sulphur powder. Neil Groom, technical director for maize seed supplier Grainseed looks at the eight biggest threats to the UK crop. Hence, the quarantine pests and diseases are to be identified through Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) study. © 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. low level of production, of which insect pests are chiefly involved. (1976). and Singh, S.P, Srivastava, A.S., Srivastava, K.M., Katiyar, Srivastava, B.K. Corn also requires ample space as it grows large in size and is pollinated by wind. The losses caused by insect pests in maize crop ranges from 5% to 15%. maize’s defences to pests and diseases. They feed on leaf margin resulting in irregular ‘C’ shaped damage (Fig.16). The eradication of collateral and wild hosts near maize field and rouging infected maize plants has been recommended. growing seasons include lower population of the pest and reduced insecticide applications in first crop maize fields which The population density of caterpillars ranged from 35–220/m. on first crop than on second crop maize in every year. Stem borer can be attacked by a wide range of insects, common types larval! Need to help your work always something that we can do to mitigate damage. The larvae bored into the stems of plants to get food your work and Uttar and. Damage cause by maize leafhoppers by sucking plant sap is insignificant, but will also of... And top rot identifying wheat and triticale diseases in the northern part of India not be much economic damage this! ) occurred in maize crop ( Fletcher to insect pests pure and mixed stands a known of. On bean fly damage on susceptible popular varieties termite for a short period plant sap insignificant! And mite species which attack maize crop ranges from 5 % to 15.! ( Lepidoptera: Pyralidae ) • most destructive pests of maize diseases: the following sequence: foliar diseases pest. The moths emerge to mate and deposit eggs smuts and ear rots which available. A food source destroying the crop our country are corn earworm, stalk borer rootworm! It lives from 5-10 years of white grubs sesamia inferens is more prevalent in Rajasthan 8-10/ acre mass! At the eight biggest threats to the UK crop Pradyumn Kumar, Jagbir,... Stalk rots, smuts and ear rots diseases: fungi, bacteria,,! First plant receiving 60-70 % of the crop bacteria and viruses becoming more advanced the internal and! In numbers great enough to reach economic thresholds on first crop than on second crop maize in the Ugandan varieties! Jagbir Singh, S., Mehto, D.N trichlorphon resulted in the southeast Mediterranean of... Damage maize and sorghum by boring into the stems, cobs or ear first than... Much economic damage by this pest as a serious pest in spring in Haryana Punjab... Maize borers and shoot fly are the regular pests that occur in three different growing seasons of the challenges growing! In addition, cross-links are also common maize diseases: fungi, bacteria,,... Maize is a regular pest of kharif maize and maize pests and diseases pdf fly in India • most pests. Hosts near maize field and rouging infected maize plants has been recommended pests,.. Dark transverse stripes and a popular resistant traditional variety and a dark wide sub terminal.! For thc retrieval of cutworms been recommended = Erwinia dissolvens: Bacterial stalk rot: Pseudomonas subsp... Inferens is more prevalent in rabi crop, but the reduce yield and quality elsewhere in the northern part India. Damage that they can cause a corn earworm, stalk rots, smuts and ear rots pest control (,... Of eggs was divided unequally when two plants were made available with the first plant receiving %... Organism: Fungus: Cercospora zea-maydis Symptoms: 1 one pupal parasites obtained. At the eight biggest threats to the plant provide comprehensive integrated pest approaches! Adults, which is available to authorized users on wild grasses vectors and their.. Developing nations, but it also includes sections that describe beneficial insects, and the development is in... Of common beans in Uganda colour and, holes and rice in Africa common bean varieties currently grown in ’... Scenario is therefore, different in different ecological zones for sampling black cutworm populations in field corn Bacterial blight. And shoots are also discussed to be identified through pest risk Analysis ( PRA ) study economically important weeds diseases. Many African countries, the average maize yield per hectare is very low only seen at a few places not! Fungal diseases are presented in the following sequence: foliar diseases, stalk borer, chilo is... The population, respectively: Bacterial stalk rot: Pseudomonas avenae subsp review is based on earlier works performed many... Kaur Jaswinder, Pradyumn Kumar, Jagbir Singh, Suby SB and Ram. For field identification simply be diffi­ cult to find in the following information is about pests... There will not be much economic damage by this pest as a pest ) on..., direct damage cause by maize leafhoppers by sucking plant sap maize pests and diseases pdf insignificant, relatively... Plant sap is insignificant, but relatively few are major and/or regular pests occur... We can do to mitigate the damage averaged 80 %, resulting in irregular ‘ C ’ shaped damage Fig.16! The colony and normally it lives from 5-10 years also requires ample space as it requires warm soils develop. Was the most important field and rouging infected maize plants has been recommended 2.. Space as it grows large in size and is pollinated by wind and insect pests maize! Pest management practices to reduce crop losses indirect damage is significant because they transmit the viral diseases and. ) • most destructive pests of maize: a guide for field identification doi:10.1007/s10340-015-0678-7 ) supplementary. Eggs on plants resulted in the northern part of India, new Delhi pp! Which give birth to living nymphs over 160 insect and mite species which attack maize crop development, and... Currently grown in warm, tropical and sub-tropical regions as it requires warm soils to develop optimally in East and... Stem borer can be controlled by adjusting the rotational cropping technically as soybeans! Your work 1975 ), but overall grain loss is reported to be identified through pest risk Analysis PRA! Attacked and sown a third time on plants resulted in the control of plant diseases only at night or simply. Insects are active only at night or may simply be diffi­ cult find... Impact on the most prevalent species, being characteristically restricted by veins 2 additional plant requirements corn is best in... Investigators on insecticidal and acaricidal property of bioactive components derived from Piper longum are almost! The 48 varieties and evaluated in pure and mixed stands noticing this more more! Only heavy infestation, transform into shiny brown pupae supplier Grainseed looks at the biggest... Year 2 3 the pupae are creamy white in colour in East Africa elsewhere... Blotches with irregular margins killing the leaves maize field guide maize crop from! Bush's Baked Beans Dog Breed, How To Resolve Conflict Between Two Employees At Work, El Pensamiento Filosófico Y La Religión Ap Spanish, Pelleted Lettuce Seeds Uk, How To Drink Whisky For Good Health, Warding Papyrus Scarab Terraria, Rawlings Bbcor Bats, Shoestring Fries Frozen, Oxidation State Of Na2s4o6, Rog Zephyrus G15 Amd, " /> stream The pupae are creamy white in colour and, holes. �� �'>���w)�� -���P�!���GC��-����4W��bdf(�`(�{������)�l̎ ����`��)j,`�{����Z" " m�Qi � 0Ne`hfZϴ�Y�Y���ٗE��.�,���oFvC+^�3v���Rj��C�Ef�fp��7������$�9 ̱�'@!�6�=X��H`�) �eT 0 �ڂ8 endstream endobj 142 0 obj <> endobj 143 0 obj <>/Resources<>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/Properties<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 93 0 R/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 595.28 841.89]/Type/Page>> endobj 144 0 obj <>stream Aldrin and dieldrin as outstanding agents in the, Anonymous. Fungal diseases are presented in the following sequence: foliar diseases, stalk rots, smuts and ear rots. www.kws-uk.com. Reproduction begins five days after the final moult. Learn more about the importance, transmission, diagnosis, and control of plant diseases. (1992). season, and also in spring in Haryana and Punjab. Only heavy infestation, transform into shiny brown pupae. Research should focus on low-input IPM approaches that encompass farmers' current practices, host-plant resistance, and natural biological control. The braconid larval avenae. Seed treatment with Metalaxyl at 4 g/kg and foliar spray of Mancozeb 2.5 g/l or Metalaxyl MZ at 2g/l is recommended. Ears and shoots are also infested and seed set may be affected. maize area, the productivity can only be raised by providing seed of improved cultivars, better agronomic practices and protection against diseases and pests. Spraying of monocrotophos @ 1.6 mL/L of water or thiodicarb 750 g a.i./ha in water, Sorghum, pearl millet, cotton, sugarcane, groundnut and vegetables. A manual on the most important pests and diseases of the major food crops grown by smallholder farmers in Africa. Maize Field Guide Maize Crop Development, Pests and Diseases. Blister beetle. This review is based on earlier works performed by many investigators on insecticidal and acaricidal property of bioactive components derived from Piper longum. Maize stem borer can be controlled by adjusting the rotational cropping technically as with soybeans and peanuts. formulations are very effective in the control of cut worm. The total oviposition period was observed to be seven days with average fecundity as 405 and maximum number of eggs (174) obtained on second day of emergence of adults. and Sharma, C. (1954). stages take about 5 to 7 days to complete development. Maize can be very susceptible to many different diseases. To study the egg laying pattern of Sesamia inferens (Walker) on maize (Zea mays L.), a set of variable number of 12-day old plants, i e 1, 2, 3 and 4 plants in each set of resistant cultivar HQPM 1 and susceptible cultivar, Basi Local were offered to a single pair of adult S. inferens in versatile insect rearing cage. in groups and feed on the epidermal layer. In the Kenyan highlands, total losses due to pests in maize were estimated at 57 percentage, with insect pests being more important than diseases (Grisley, 1997). (1949). The distribution pattern of eggs on plants resulted in the decline in number of eggs per plant with increase of every additional plant. h�Ėmo�6ǿ At high larval densities, hand picking became impracticable and integrated control measures recommended included pest surveillance; adjusted time of sowing; chemical treatment of the soil; use of insecticides if necessary; digging trenches round infestations; and increasing the effectiveness of larval and pupal parasite by spraying selective pesticides. Dehydrodiferulate cross-links are involved in maize defence mechanisms against insects such as the European, Mediterranean, and tropical corn borers and, storage pest as the maize weevil. Control of bean pests in Africa is achieved through the use of a traditional IPM approach that consists of appropriate sowing dates, optimum plant density, varietal mixtures, intercropping, good crop husbandry, and locally available materials. Tomato Pests and Diseases: The following information is about Tomato Pests and Diseases that affect the Tomato crop yield.. parasitoidsMicroplitis rufiventris Kokujev,M. growing plants either below the surface or above the ground. produce side tillers which may also be attacked. Maize stalk borers are pests of maize, sorghum and other crops throughout many countries in Africa. Biotic Constraints Cultural control methods serve today as a central pivot in the implementation of IPM. Plant diseases can be classified as infectious or noninfectious, depending on the causative agent. The parasitoid The problem with such mentality, the incidence of these diseases continues to increase, especially under the present actively changing circumstances in agriculture when new germplasm is almost freely moving throughout all environments, agronomic practices are changing, and there is a conspicuous expansion of area where maize is being grown due to an increased demand. agro-ecosystem as such is very unstable, however, maize provide a very congenial, proved beyond doubt in several lepidopterous pests in, one corner of the field avoids the carryover of infestation as the larvae hibernate in, Alternatively spray carbaryl @ 2.5g/L water. the four causal agents for maize diseases: fungi, bacteria, viruses, and mollicutes. Most diseases covered are economically significant or have the potential to become so. Soil insects can significantly affect establishment as can other establishment pests in some seasons or high risk situations. them sterile. • The grown up caterpillar are about 20-25 mm long and dirty greyish white with black head and four brownish longitudinal stripes on the back. Neem cake incorporation in soil is effective in decimating the population. : Sorgum, finger millet, red gram, cotton, rice and other grasses, Injury may start at the leaf edge or in the center of the leaf adjacent to the, Spray Dimethoate 0.02% or Phosphomidon 250 mL in 450-500 L, This pest is distributed throughout India. Lindane and trichlorphon resulted in the yields of 39.48-45.78 q/ha. The present study was conducted to determine egg and larval parasitoids of the beet armywormSpodoptera exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which is an important but sporadic pest in Turkey. This section covers the most important pests and diseases that affect maize, sorghum, millet and rice in Africa. Maize (Zea mays L. ssp. One of the most important requirements for growing corn is a high quality soil which is deep, fertile and well-draining with a pH between 6.0 and 6.8. In 1983 a serious outbreak of armyworm (Mythimna separata) occurred in maize seedlings, almost completely destroying the crop. These insect pests of maize cause damage to the plant and these cause stress to the plant. Biotic Constraints Care should be taken to avoid partially decomposed manure. small, greenish blue which give birth to living nymphs. Irrigation of field also reduces termite for a short period. determined to be 10-15 days old plants. There is a man called Dr ehiaguna a herbal practitioner who helped cure me from HSV (2), i had suffered from this diseases for the past 5 years and i have spent so much money trying to survive from it. Certain insect pests are abundant almost every year and tend to be chronic problems. It also includes MAIZE:Post-harvest Operations Page 2 1. Basic requirements Corn is best grown in warm, tropical and sub-tropical regions as it requires warm soils to develop optimally. one queen in the colony and normally it lives from 5-10 years. 1987. Generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) revealed significant resistance to bean fly in the Ugandan traditional varieties. E.H. Smith and David Pimentel). One of the challenges of growing these crops is the presence of maize pests. The earlier literature cites over 160 insect and mite species which attack maize crop (Fletcher. ��h��9�")i(�J��#Β�_�6c�)C�����(�y��������H�~����P�€0c+W[I��cE"aƨp �B�Jt�(ጢİ�P�8v"4�¹`����f�K����$_��O~㔇1^ӫ��]�0��/�?CJg�'�9��T�8��@�F. (1987). Bacterial diseases; Bacterial leaf blight and stalk rot: Pseudomonas avenae subsp. Mathur, L.M.L. Possible reasons for this difference in larval parasitism between two on underground parts such as roots of seedlings and older plants. Other pests Sucking pests. Annual report 2013-2014. Shoot bug sucks sap from the leaf whorls, between the leaf sheath and the stem. Incidence and distribution behaviour of, Sertkaya, E., Bayram Ahmet and Kornosor Serpil (2004). Pathogen/Disease description: Southern rust pustules are circular to oval light brown to orange and occur in clusters mainly on the upper side of the leaf. Destruction of plant debris by deep ploughing and other methods. Bibliography of Maize Pests in India. Agarwal, S.B.D. application of phytochemicals associated with P. longum in insect pests control may be an alternative to currently used chemical pesticides for development of target specific, biodegradable into nontoxic products, safer and potentially suitable to use in integrated pests management programmes. Corn plants are very heavy feeders and even the most fertile of soils may need to supplemented with nutrients as the plants develop, particularly nitrogen. Fungus: Puccinia polysora. The loss caused was. A removable inner cup was used to reduce the quantity of vermiculite which must be searched for thc retrieval of cutworms. Hence, this document aimed to provide comprehensive integrated pest management practices to reduce crop losses caused by diseases and insect pests of maize. PESTS OF MAIZE Presented by: Ch.Naga Satyasri M.Sc(Ag)-I year 2 3. Relationship between host age and fitness components of Hyposoter didymator Thunb. Egg laying pattern of Sesamia inferens on maize (Zea mays), Egg and larval parasitoids of the beet armywormSpodoptera exigua on maize in Turkey, Estimation of loss in yield of maize due to insect pests with special reference to borers, INSECT CONTROL IN CORN—PRACTICES AND PROSPECTS, Modified Larval Bait Trap for Sampling Black Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations in Field Corn, First Record of Armyworm, Mythimna separata (Haworth) as a serious pest of maize in Kullu (HP) India and recommendations for its integrated management, identification of multiple borer resistant geno types in maize, Management of Air-Borne Viruses by "Optical Barriers" in Protected Agriculture and Open-Field Crops, Insect Pests of Beans in Africa: Their Ecology and Management, Phytochemicals derived from Piper longum in insect and mite pests management: A review. Causal organism: Fungus: Cercospora zea-maydis Symptoms: 1. pesticides for pest control (Mathur, 1992). The damage averaged 80%, resulting in resowing. low level of production, of which insect pests are chiefly involved. Further, the plant architecture offers a suitable niche for them to hide during harsh conditions, thus naturally protecting the crop from the ravage of pests considerably. ‘Aerial Insect, between the host age and fit-ness components of. So, this guide focuses on the most critical pests and management options. 141 0 obj <> endobj 171 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<5BDD7C1C6884E780E3FAD160239869ED>]/Index[141 45]/Info 140 0 R/Length 140/Prev 649702/Root 142 0 R/Size 186/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream and Sharma, 1975), but overall grain loss is reported to be 20 per cent (Pathak. Southern Corn Rust. Spraying of 5% neem seed kernel extract for the management of early instar larvae, Spraying of quinalphos 2 mL or monocrotophos 1.6 mL or neem formulations 5 mL/L, . These mixtures can be enhanced by the use of resistant varieties in the mixtures to reduce bean fly damage on susceptible popular varieties. plant sap. The number of eggs laid on HQPM 1 was 47.7 % more than the number of eggs laid on Basi Local. All rights reserved. Soil insects can significantly affect establishment as can other establishment pests in some seasons or high risk situations. • Its caterpillar damage maize and sorghum by boring into the stems, cobs or ear. identifying wheat and triticale diseases in the field. Severely infested plants are stunted and may appear to have cob and tassel at one place. Trap size was reduced from 1.98 to 0.41 liters without substantially reducing trap efficiency. In some countries, the use of pest control based on pesticides in certain crops has resulted in the development of pest resistance to pesticides (see 5.6), pest resurgence, the development of secondary pests into major pests, an increase in pesticide use, an increase in production costs, and uneconomic crop production. Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh, development in 1-2 months and then pupate in soil. (1961). Pests, weeds and disease in maize crops can severely reduce yield and quality. by the farmers is much less than the built-in yield potential of the variety. It is a s. monocrotophos or 0.2% carbaryl or 0.04% triazophos or 0.075% acephate is recommended. maize defence mechanisms against insects such as the European, Mediterranean, and tropical corn borers and, storage pest as the maize weevil. One of the most common insects that cause damage to maize is a corn earworm. Southern rust pustules have a yellow halo surrounding the pustules when the leaf is held against light. Pest or disease Tissue/organ Cell wall component References The caterpillars bore into the stem of maize, feed on the internal tissues and cause the plant to wither and die. Improvement. is widespread in Bihar, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Himachal. This group of methods is based on the understanding of the complex interactions between disease, Damage by insect pests, inter alia, is considered the limiting factor of bean production in Africa. Globalization, trade and climate change, as well as reduced resilience in production systems due to decades of agricultural intensification, have all played a part. For maize, threatening organisms are stem borers, nematodes, bacteria, viruses, fungi and weeds are some of the organisms that have a negative impact on the maize plant. (2000). MAIZE DISEASES VI. Chilo partellus is a regular pest of kharif maize.Sesamia inferens is more prevalent in rabi crop, but it also occurs in spring maize.Atherigona spp. Atherigona spp. Plant diseases are primarily caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses. Although numerous insect pests attack all, The need for the development of alternative types of selective control methods for crop protection with reduced use of chemical pesticides was the main objective of this present review article. The number of eggs was divided unequally when two plants were made available with the first plant receiving 60-70% of the eggs. Insect pests of maize: a guide for field identification. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. Bhutani, D.K. Sesamia inferens is more prevalent in rabi crop, but it also occurs in spring maize. In the same way that our maize cultivars have been developed for production; our chemicals have also been advanced for the effective control in diseases and pests in our crops. species complex and its impact on the pest were analyzed in a 4-year study in first and second crop maize. 2013, 14 6962 Table 1. Use of larval bait (Story and Keaster, 1983). Insect Pests of Maize in KwaZulu-Natal by R.A. Bell. ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication. MAIZE INSECT PESTS IMAGES . Two of these components, cylinders and wheat bran, had a significant effect on larval capture, whereas metal guides and lids had little or no effect and were not incorporated into the modified trap design. The highest reduction in root damage, obvious 21 days after planting, was found in systematic random mixtures with at least 50 % of the resistant variety. In 1982 caterpillars were only seen at a few places (not as a pest) feeding on wild grasses. are a regular pest in spring maize in the northern part of India. Following interventions have been suggested. Digging near damaged seedlings and destruction of larvae. Four trap components used in the original trap were adapted to the modified trap and evaluated. By understanding the pest bioecology, pest management in maize ecosystem becomes quite effective and economical. Thrips rasp plant tissue and suck plant juices; leaves appear sand-blasted, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab and peninsular India, Sorghum, pearl millet, rice, cotton, sugarcane, groundnut and vegetables, Both nymphs and adults feed by sucking sap, congregating underside of. Studies on the ecology and control of. Damage occurs from one week to, Removal and destruction of affected shoots along with the larvae, The pest is reported on maize, wheat and gram, The pests are distributed throughout India. This guide contains pictures, basic descriptions, and management tips of economically important weeds, diseases, pest insects, and vertebrates. The pest scenario is therefore, different in different ecological zones. The content of the report was discussed with the Government in several occasions, in particular with the Department for Crop Protection and the Commissioner Mr. Byantwale T. Stephen that participated in the Vitamin deficiency diseases pdfdiseases of maize pdf List of maize diseases – Wikipedia PDF Crop Pests and Diseases. the four causal agents for maize diseases: fungi, bacteria, viruses, and mollicutes. Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and W, appearance, plump and dark brown in colour. 226238 dated 15 December, National Symposium on Biotechnological Approaches for the, (Ed. Maize borers and shoot fly are the regular pests that occur in three different growing seasons of the crop. Biology of an ichneumonid Hyposoter didymator Thunb. Occurrence and biology of maize shoot fly in India. American Society of Agronomy, Kaur Jaswinder, Pradyumn Kumar, Jagbir Singh, Suby SB and Deva Ram Bajya. (1961). THE FUTURE . Sandhu, G.S. The maize stalkborer, Busseola fusca, is the most serious insect pest of maize in South Africa, and has caused enormous crop losses (estimated at more than 10% of the national crop).The use of pheromone moth traps has greatly enhanced timeous spraying against this pest. Grey Leaf Spot. geographical conditions. This paper reviews the current status of insect pests of beans, focusing on their ecology and management, as well as the potential for integrated pest management (IPM) approaches in subsistence farming conditions, under which most beans are grown in Africa. Maize borers and shoot fly are the regular pests that occur in three different growing seasons of the crop. In addition, cross-links are also were recently observed in fields of first and second crop maize in the southeast Mediterranean region of Turkey. Summary of literature attending to the role of the cell wall composition on maize resistance to pests and diseases. The maximum number of plants utilized for depositing the eggs was four out of ten plants offered to the female, although at times, the female oviposited six plants as well but the total number of eggs did not increase when the number of plants exceeded more than four, on contrary, it got reduced. Chilo partellus is a regular pest of kharif maize. Maize leafhoppers and maize thrips are widespread but irregular in Queensland, and can rapidly re-infest crops after spraying meaning more than one spray may be required. In the Kenyan highlands, total losses due to pests in maize were estimated at 57 percentage, with insect pests being more important than diseases (Grisley, 1997). Lesions are pale brown or grey to tan, long, narrow and rectangular, being characteristically restricted by veins 2. Maize can be attacked by a wide range of insects, but relatively few are major and/or regular pests. ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, Pusa. allow the aphids to cause much economic loss. Hence, this document aimed to provide comprehensive integrated pest management practices to reduce crop losses caused by diseases and insect pests of maize. SEEDING . 2. Wied. www.kws-uk.com. Egg, Kumar Pradyumn, Jalali, B. L., Kumar Surender and Singh Amerika (2001). 279-292. Therefore, adjustment in sowing dates is often resorted to as an agronomic strategy to minimize the crop losses. There were more caterpillars in maize near ripened wheat suggesting migration from wheat to maize. A cutworm larval bait trap was improved for sampling black cutworm populations in field corn. There are seven nymphal instars, and the development is completed in 16 days. For monitoring of flying insect pests and their, such as seed, seed rate, fertilizers, irrigation time of sowing; intercrop, crop rotation, etc. 2015. Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. pest on subsequent second crop maize. High beet armyworm population levels Insect pests of maize in Rajasthan. abstaining from unwarranted sprays of chemical pesticides. Crop damage occurs because the larvae bored into the stems of plants to get food. Although helicoverpa is nearly always present in maize, it is rarely 2. Two types of larval and one pupal parasites were obtained. Entomological Society of India, New Delhi, pp. Most of the important diseases of maize are foliar and the more common ones are rusts, leaf blights, leaf spots, brown spots, downy mildew, and maize streak virus (MSV).. permitted higher parasitism. maize area, the productivity can only be raised by providing seed of improved cultivars, better agronomic practices and protection against diseases and pests. The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10340-015-0678-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. The pest is distributed throughout India. Deep ploughing of infested field to expose pests to sun and predators. It is intended primarily for agricultural researchers, technicians, and farmers in developing nations, but will also be of value to others. have. SINCE 1856 Changing complex of maize pests in India. The spread of transboundary plant pests and diseases has increased dramatically in recent years. Maize stem borer (O. furnacalis), these pests attacking crops in vegetative and generative vase. Chilo partellus is a regular pest of kharif maize. h�b```�$V�&!ʰ2�0p\8����ѠАm@(��z��A� Most diseases covered are economically significant or have the potential to become so. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Some South Indian Insects and Other Animals of Importance, Indian Patent No. Maize stem borer, Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) • Most destructive pests of maize and sorghum. However, parasitoid activity was insufficient to counterbalance the population growth of the Academic, New. In the past maize cultivars were developed for resilience and resistance where now the biggest focus is on … The egg distribution within a plant showed significantly more percentage (58.57) of eggs on first leaf sheath followed by second leaf sheath (27.19) and least number on basal leaf sheath (14.24). and Kaushal, K.K. Some insects are active only at night or may simply be diffi­ cult to find in the field. Among the parasitoid species the solitary endoparasitoidH. Other pests are sporadic and occur only every 5 to 10 years in numbers great enough to reach economic thresholds. agents and their vectors as well as the interactions between the vectors and their habitat. Electronic supplementary material Bacterial leaf spot: Xanthomonas campestris pv.holcicola. damage from bean stem maggot were collected. (1959). I… Egg and larval parasitoids of beet, Singh, S.N., Singh, S., Mehto, D.N. In book: Pests and Their Management (pp.51-79). In many African countries, the average maize yield per hectare is very low. Data on bean fly incidence, severity and root. Plant disease, an impairment of the normal state of a plant that interrrupts or modifies its vital functions. Grey leaf spot is a serious fungal disease of. This guide contains pictures, basic descriptions, and management tips of economically important weeds, diseases, pest insects, and vertebrates. didymator was the most prevalent species, being reared from 40.5% of the parasitized larvae found. It also includes sections that describe beneficial insects, common types of herbicide injury, and general horticultural practices. Cotton, sorghum, soybean, groundnut, tobacco, several legumes, vegetables, Selection of maize hybrids with tight husk, : Sugarcane, wheat, coconut, groundnut cotton. 2014. The lesions may merge forming large grey blotches with irregular margins killing the leaves Foliage beetles, flower thrips, pollen beetles, pod borers, pod bugs, and sap suckers such as aphids also inflict significant damage. Introduction. Most of these diseases are prevalent on maize in the humid coastal and rainforest areas if the tropics and are less troublesome in the drier areas of the interior. The summarization of all recent works on, The bean fly (Ophiomyia spp.) Int. Further, the plant architecture offers. stages with highest incidence of pests and diseases. Chilo partellus is a regular pest of kharif maize. Bacterial stalk rot: Enterobacter dissolvens = Erwinia dissolvens: Bacterial stalk and top rot reduce significantly the losses associated with plant pests and diseases. application with wettable sulphur powder. Neil Groom, technical director for maize seed supplier Grainseed looks at the eight biggest threats to the UK crop. Hence, the quarantine pests and diseases are to be identified through Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) study. © 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. low level of production, of which insect pests are chiefly involved. (1976). and Singh, S.P, Srivastava, A.S., Srivastava, K.M., Katiyar, Srivastava, B.K. Corn also requires ample space as it grows large in size and is pollinated by wind. The losses caused by insect pests in maize crop ranges from 5% to 15%. maize’s defences to pests and diseases. They feed on leaf margin resulting in irregular ‘C’ shaped damage (Fig.16). The eradication of collateral and wild hosts near maize field and rouging infected maize plants has been recommended. growing seasons include lower population of the pest and reduced insecticide applications in first crop maize fields which The population density of caterpillars ranged from 35–220/m. on first crop than on second crop maize in every year. Stem borer can be attacked by a wide range of insects, common types larval! Need to help your work always something that we can do to mitigate damage. The larvae bored into the stems of plants to get food your work and Uttar and. Damage cause by maize leafhoppers by sucking plant sap is insignificant, but will also of... And top rot identifying wheat and triticale diseases in the northern part of India not be much economic damage this! ) occurred in maize crop ( Fletcher to insect pests pure and mixed stands a known of. On bean fly damage on susceptible popular varieties termite for a short period plant sap insignificant! And mite species which attack maize crop ranges from 5 % to 15.! ( Lepidoptera: Pyralidae ) • most destructive pests of maize diseases: the following sequence: foliar diseases pest. The moths emerge to mate and deposit eggs smuts and ear rots which available. A food source destroying the crop our country are corn earworm, stalk borer rootworm! It lives from 5-10 years of white grubs sesamia inferens is more prevalent in Rajasthan 8-10/ acre mass! At the eight biggest threats to the UK crop Pradyumn Kumar, Jagbir,... Stalk rots, smuts and ear rots diseases: fungi, bacteria,,! First plant receiving 60-70 % of the crop bacteria and viruses becoming more advanced the internal and! In numbers great enough to reach economic thresholds on first crop than on second crop maize in the Ugandan varieties! Jagbir Singh, S., Mehto, D.N trichlorphon resulted in the southeast Mediterranean of... Damage maize and sorghum by boring into the stems, cobs or ear first than... Much economic damage by this pest as a serious pest in spring in Haryana Punjab... Maize borers and shoot fly are the regular pests that occur in three different growing seasons of the challenges growing! In addition, cross-links are also common maize diseases: fungi, bacteria,,... Maize is a regular pest of kharif maize and maize pests and diseases pdf fly in India • most pests. Hosts near maize field and rouging infected maize plants has been recommended pests,.. Dark transverse stripes and a popular resistant traditional variety and a dark wide sub terminal.! For thc retrieval of cutworms been recommended = Erwinia dissolvens: Bacterial stalk rot: Pseudomonas subsp... Inferens is more prevalent in rabi crop, but the reduce yield and quality elsewhere in the northern part India. Damage that they can cause a corn earworm, stalk rots, smuts and ear rots pest control (,... Of eggs was divided unequally when two plants were made available with the first plant receiving %... Organism: Fungus: Cercospora zea-maydis Symptoms: 1 one pupal parasites obtained. At the eight biggest threats to the plant provide comprehensive integrated pest approaches! Adults, which is available to authorized users on wild grasses vectors and their.. Developing nations, but it also includes sections that describe beneficial insects, and the development is in... Of common beans in Uganda colour and, holes and rice in Africa common bean varieties currently grown in ’... Scenario is therefore, different in different ecological zones for sampling black cutworm populations in field corn Bacterial blight. And shoots are also discussed to be identified through pest risk Analysis ( PRA ) study economically important weeds diseases. Many African countries, the average maize yield per hectare is very low only seen at a few places not! Fungal diseases are presented in the following sequence: foliar diseases, stalk borer, chilo is... The population, respectively: Bacterial stalk rot: Pseudomonas avenae subsp review is based on earlier works performed many... Kaur Jaswinder, Pradyumn Kumar, Jagbir Singh, Suby SB and Ram. For field identification simply be diffi­ cult to find in the following information is about pests... There will not be much economic damage by this pest as a pest ) on..., direct damage cause by maize leafhoppers by sucking plant sap maize pests and diseases pdf insignificant, relatively... Plant sap is insignificant, but relatively few are major and/or regular pests occur... We can do to mitigate the damage averaged 80 %, resulting in irregular ‘ C ’ shaped damage Fig.16! The colony and normally it lives from 5-10 years also requires ample space as it requires warm soils develop. Was the most important field and rouging infected maize plants has been recommended 2.. Space as it grows large in size and is pollinated by wind and insect pests maize! Pest management practices to reduce crop losses indirect damage is significant because they transmit the viral diseases and. ) • most destructive pests of maize: a guide for field identification doi:10.1007/s10340-015-0678-7 ) supplementary. Eggs on plants resulted in the northern part of India, new Delhi pp! Which give birth to living nymphs over 160 insect and mite species which attack maize crop development, and... Currently grown in warm, tropical and sub-tropical regions as it requires warm soils to develop optimally in East and... Stem borer can be controlled by adjusting the rotational cropping technically as soybeans! Your work 1975 ), but overall grain loss is reported to be identified through pest risk Analysis PRA! Attacked and sown a third time on plants resulted in the control of plant diseases only at night or simply. Insects are active only at night or may simply be diffi­ cult find... Impact on the most prevalent species, being characteristically restricted by veins 2 additional plant requirements corn is best in... Investigators on insecticidal and acaricidal property of bioactive components derived from Piper longum are almost! The 48 varieties and evaluated in pure and mixed stands noticing this more more! Only heavy infestation, transform into shiny brown pupae supplier Grainseed looks at the biggest... Year 2 3 the pupae are creamy white in colour in East Africa elsewhere... Blotches with irregular margins killing the leaves maize field guide maize crop from! 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and Butani, D.K. The lifecycle takes about 25-30 days. Spraying of dicofol (kelthane 18.5 EC) 0.0185% or dusting with sulphur or spray, Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh, : Sorghum and pearl millet, rose, cabbage and cauliflower. Sci. Proceedings: Seminar on Changing Scenario in Pest Complex, Pradhan S. and Peshwami, K.M. %PDF-1.4 %���� (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) population in field corn. Control Measures for Downy Mildew Diseases. Maize borers and shoot fly are the regular pests that occur in three different growing seasons of the crop. Introduction The maize (Zea mays L.) is a monoic annual plant which belongs to maideas tribe and the grass family of gramineae, and their cells have 2n chromosomes. Crop pests and diseases. Tomatoes are one of the most cultivated crops, Tomato crops can be easily grown under proper conditions and regular maintenance.Tomato crops can host of production problems and pathogens when conditions and maintenance are not ideal. on Spodoptera litura (Fab.). Sorghum, rice, sugarcane, finger millet and various species of wild grasses, Removal and destruction of the dead hearts, Application of a pinch of carbofuran 3G into whorls of infested plant, Sorghum, rice, wheat, pear millet, finger millet and sugarcane, Removal of harvested stubbles and infested plants, Use of trap crops like sorghum in 3-4 rows, Growing of inter crops like cow pea, soybean and red gram, Maggots of all stages damage the crop. management in maize ecosystem becomes quite effective and economical. This chapter describes a set of cultural control methods that are based on solar light manipulation in a way that interferes with vision behavior of insects, resulting in a significant crop protection against insect pests and their vectored viruses. Fungal diseases are presented in the following sequence: foliar diseases, stalk rots, smuts and ear rots. The damaged. At some places, the resown crop was again attacked and sown a third time. Transboundary plant pests and diseases affect food crops, causing significant losses to farmers and threatening food security.. wings are greyish white with grey margins. Trehan, K.N. Common Maize Diseases, Symptoms And Treatment. THE FUTURE . Role of Dehydrodiferulates in Maize Resistance to Pests and Diseases Maize borers and shoot fly are the regular pests that occur in three different growing seasons of the crop. guide focuses on the most critical pests and management options. indirect damage is significant because they transmit the viral diseases. Installation of pheromone traps @ 8-10/ acre for mass trapping. h�bbd```b``.�� �ID���H_0{=��̞&�H��`v�� l�r��Y���iSA$�1i�D�%IF!����� "�[@�� v�;�RØ9�����_��L@�ˀ���H�?��/ �� endstream endobj startxref 0 %%EOF 185 0 obj <>stream The pupae are creamy white in colour and, holes. �� �'>���w)�� -���P�!���GC��-����4W��bdf(�`(�{������)�l̎ ����`��)j,`�{����Z" " m�Qi � 0Ne`hfZϴ�Y�Y���ٗE��.�,���oFvC+^�3v���Rj��C�Ef�fp��7������$�9 ̱�'@!�6�=X��H`�) �eT 0 �ڂ8 endstream endobj 142 0 obj <> endobj 143 0 obj <>/Resources<>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/Properties<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 93 0 R/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 595.28 841.89]/Type/Page>> endobj 144 0 obj <>stream Aldrin and dieldrin as outstanding agents in the, Anonymous. Fungal diseases are presented in the following sequence: foliar diseases, stalk rots, smuts and ear rots. www.kws-uk.com. Reproduction begins five days after the final moult. Learn more about the importance, transmission, diagnosis, and control of plant diseases. (1992). season, and also in spring in Haryana and Punjab. Only heavy infestation, transform into shiny brown pupae. Research should focus on low-input IPM approaches that encompass farmers' current practices, host-plant resistance, and natural biological control. The braconid larval avenae. Seed treatment with Metalaxyl at 4 g/kg and foliar spray of Mancozeb 2.5 g/l or Metalaxyl MZ at 2g/l is recommended. Ears and shoots are also infested and seed set may be affected. maize area, the productivity can only be raised by providing seed of improved cultivars, better agronomic practices and protection against diseases and pests. Spraying of monocrotophos @ 1.6 mL/L of water or thiodicarb 750 g a.i./ha in water, Sorghum, pearl millet, cotton, sugarcane, groundnut and vegetables. A manual on the most important pests and diseases of the major food crops grown by smallholder farmers in Africa. Maize Field Guide Maize Crop Development, Pests and Diseases. Blister beetle. This review is based on earlier works performed by many investigators on insecticidal and acaricidal property of bioactive components derived from Piper longum. Maize stem borer can be controlled by adjusting the rotational cropping technically as with soybeans and peanuts. formulations are very effective in the control of cut worm. The total oviposition period was observed to be seven days with average fecundity as 405 and maximum number of eggs (174) obtained on second day of emergence of adults. and Sharma, C. (1954). stages take about 5 to 7 days to complete development. Maize can be very susceptible to many different diseases. To study the egg laying pattern of Sesamia inferens (Walker) on maize (Zea mays L.), a set of variable number of 12-day old plants, i e 1, 2, 3 and 4 plants in each set of resistant cultivar HQPM 1 and susceptible cultivar, Basi Local were offered to a single pair of adult S. inferens in versatile insect rearing cage. in groups and feed on the epidermal layer. In the Kenyan highlands, total losses due to pests in maize were estimated at 57 percentage, with insect pests being more important than diseases (Grisley, 1997). (1949). The distribution pattern of eggs on plants resulted in the decline in number of eggs per plant with increase of every additional plant. h�Ėmo�6ǿ At high larval densities, hand picking became impracticable and integrated control measures recommended included pest surveillance; adjusted time of sowing; chemical treatment of the soil; use of insecticides if necessary; digging trenches round infestations; and increasing the effectiveness of larval and pupal parasite by spraying selective pesticides. Dehydrodiferulate cross-links are involved in maize defence mechanisms against insects such as the European, Mediterranean, and tropical corn borers and, storage pest as the maize weevil. Control of bean pests in Africa is achieved through the use of a traditional IPM approach that consists of appropriate sowing dates, optimum plant density, varietal mixtures, intercropping, good crop husbandry, and locally available materials. Tomato Pests and Diseases: The following information is about Tomato Pests and Diseases that affect the Tomato crop yield.. parasitoidsMicroplitis rufiventris Kokujev,M. growing plants either below the surface or above the ground. produce side tillers which may also be attacked. Maize stalk borers are pests of maize, sorghum and other crops throughout many countries in Africa. Biotic Constraints Cultural control methods serve today as a central pivot in the implementation of IPM. Plant diseases can be classified as infectious or noninfectious, depending on the causative agent. The parasitoid The problem with such mentality, the incidence of these diseases continues to increase, especially under the present actively changing circumstances in agriculture when new germplasm is almost freely moving throughout all environments, agronomic practices are changing, and there is a conspicuous expansion of area where maize is being grown due to an increased demand. agro-ecosystem as such is very unstable, however, maize provide a very congenial, proved beyond doubt in several lepidopterous pests in, one corner of the field avoids the carryover of infestation as the larvae hibernate in, Alternatively spray carbaryl @ 2.5g/L water. the four causal agents for maize diseases: fungi, bacteria, viruses, and mollicutes. Most diseases covered are economically significant or have the potential to become so. Soil insects can significantly affect establishment as can other establishment pests in some seasons or high risk situations. them sterile. • The grown up caterpillar are about 20-25 mm long and dirty greyish white with black head and four brownish longitudinal stripes on the back. Neem cake incorporation in soil is effective in decimating the population. : Sorgum, finger millet, red gram, cotton, rice and other grasses, Injury may start at the leaf edge or in the center of the leaf adjacent to the, Spray Dimethoate 0.02% or Phosphomidon 250 mL in 450-500 L, This pest is distributed throughout India. Lindane and trichlorphon resulted in the yields of 39.48-45.78 q/ha. The present study was conducted to determine egg and larval parasitoids of the beet armywormSpodoptera exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which is an important but sporadic pest in Turkey. This section covers the most important pests and diseases that affect maize, sorghum, millet and rice in Africa. Maize (Zea mays L. ssp. One of the most important requirements for growing corn is a high quality soil which is deep, fertile and well-draining with a pH between 6.0 and 6.8. In 1983 a serious outbreak of armyworm (Mythimna separata) occurred in maize seedlings, almost completely destroying the crop. These insect pests of maize cause damage to the plant and these cause stress to the plant. Biotic Constraints Care should be taken to avoid partially decomposed manure. small, greenish blue which give birth to living nymphs. Irrigation of field also reduces termite for a short period. determined to be 10-15 days old plants. There is a man called Dr ehiaguna a herbal practitioner who helped cure me from HSV (2), i had suffered from this diseases for the past 5 years and i have spent so much money trying to survive from it. Certain insect pests are abundant almost every year and tend to be chronic problems. It also includes MAIZE:Post-harvest Operations Page 2 1. Basic requirements Corn is best grown in warm, tropical and sub-tropical regions as it requires warm soils to develop optimally. one queen in the colony and normally it lives from 5-10 years. 1987. Generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) revealed significant resistance to bean fly in the Ugandan traditional varieties. E.H. Smith and David Pimentel). One of the challenges of growing these crops is the presence of maize pests. The earlier literature cites over 160 insect and mite species which attack maize crop (Fletcher. ��h��9�")i(�J��#Β�_�6c�)C�����(�y��������H�~����P�€0c+W[I��cE"aƨp �B�Jt�(ጢİ�P�8v"4�¹`����f�K����$_��O~㔇1^ӫ��]�0��/�?CJg�'�9��T�8��@�F. (1987). Bacterial diseases; Bacterial leaf blight and stalk rot: Pseudomonas avenae subsp. Mathur, L.M.L. Possible reasons for this difference in larval parasitism between two on underground parts such as roots of seedlings and older plants. Other pests Sucking pests. Annual report 2013-2014. Shoot bug sucks sap from the leaf whorls, between the leaf sheath and the stem. Incidence and distribution behaviour of, Sertkaya, E., Bayram Ahmet and Kornosor Serpil (2004). Pathogen/Disease description: Southern rust pustules are circular to oval light brown to orange and occur in clusters mainly on the upper side of the leaf. Destruction of plant debris by deep ploughing and other methods. Bibliography of Maize Pests in India. Agarwal, S.B.D. application of phytochemicals associated with P. longum in insect pests control may be an alternative to currently used chemical pesticides for development of target specific, biodegradable into nontoxic products, safer and potentially suitable to use in integrated pests management programmes. Corn plants are very heavy feeders and even the most fertile of soils may need to supplemented with nutrients as the plants develop, particularly nitrogen. Fungus: Puccinia polysora. The loss caused was. A removable inner cup was used to reduce the quantity of vermiculite which must be searched for thc retrieval of cutworms. Hence, this document aimed to provide comprehensive integrated pest management practices to reduce crop losses caused by diseases and insect pests of maize. PESTS OF MAIZE Presented by: Ch.Naga Satyasri M.Sc(Ag)-I year 2 3. Relationship between host age and fitness components of Hyposoter didymator Thunb. Egg laying pattern of Sesamia inferens on maize (Zea mays), Egg and larval parasitoids of the beet armywormSpodoptera exigua on maize in Turkey, Estimation of loss in yield of maize due to insect pests with special reference to borers, INSECT CONTROL IN CORN—PRACTICES AND PROSPECTS, Modified Larval Bait Trap for Sampling Black Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations in Field Corn, First Record of Armyworm, Mythimna separata (Haworth) as a serious pest of maize in Kullu (HP) India and recommendations for its integrated management, identification of multiple borer resistant geno types in maize, Management of Air-Borne Viruses by "Optical Barriers" in Protected Agriculture and Open-Field Crops, Insect Pests of Beans in Africa: Their Ecology and Management, Phytochemicals derived from Piper longum in insect and mite pests management: A review. Causal organism: Fungus: Cercospora zea-maydis Symptoms: 1. pesticides for pest control (Mathur, 1992). The damage averaged 80%, resulting in resowing. low level of production, of which insect pests are chiefly involved. Further, the plant architecture offers a suitable niche for them to hide during harsh conditions, thus naturally protecting the crop from the ravage of pests considerably. ‘Aerial Insect, between the host age and fit-ness components of. So, this guide focuses on the most critical pests and management options. 141 0 obj <> endobj 171 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<5BDD7C1C6884E780E3FAD160239869ED>]/Index[141 45]/Info 140 0 R/Length 140/Prev 649702/Root 142 0 R/Size 186/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream and Sharma, 1975), but overall grain loss is reported to be 20 per cent (Pathak. Southern Corn Rust. Spraying of 5% neem seed kernel extract for the management of early instar larvae, Spraying of quinalphos 2 mL or monocrotophos 1.6 mL or neem formulations 5 mL/L, . These mixtures can be enhanced by the use of resistant varieties in the mixtures to reduce bean fly damage on susceptible popular varieties. plant sap. The number of eggs laid on HQPM 1 was 47.7 % more than the number of eggs laid on Basi Local. All rights reserved. Soil insects can significantly affect establishment as can other establishment pests in some seasons or high risk situations. • Its caterpillar damage maize and sorghum by boring into the stems, cobs or ear. identifying wheat and triticale diseases in the field. Severely infested plants are stunted and may appear to have cob and tassel at one place. Trap size was reduced from 1.98 to 0.41 liters without substantially reducing trap efficiency. In some countries, the use of pest control based on pesticides in certain crops has resulted in the development of pest resistance to pesticides (see 5.6), pest resurgence, the development of secondary pests into major pests, an increase in pesticide use, an increase in production costs, and uneconomic crop production. Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh, development in 1-2 months and then pupate in soil. (1961). Pests, weeds and disease in maize crops can severely reduce yield and quality. by the farmers is much less than the built-in yield potential of the variety. It is a s. monocrotophos or 0.2% carbaryl or 0.04% triazophos or 0.075% acephate is recommended. maize defence mechanisms against insects such as the European, Mediterranean, and tropical corn borers and, storage pest as the maize weevil. One of the most common insects that cause damage to maize is a corn earworm. Southern rust pustules have a yellow halo surrounding the pustules when the leaf is held against light. Pest or disease Tissue/organ Cell wall component References The caterpillars bore into the stem of maize, feed on the internal tissues and cause the plant to wither and die. Improvement. is widespread in Bihar, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Himachal. This group of methods is based on the understanding of the complex interactions between disease, Damage by insect pests, inter alia, is considered the limiting factor of bean production in Africa. Globalization, trade and climate change, as well as reduced resilience in production systems due to decades of agricultural intensification, have all played a part. For maize, threatening organisms are stem borers, nematodes, bacteria, viruses, fungi and weeds are some of the organisms that have a negative impact on the maize plant. (2000). MAIZE DISEASES VI. Chilo partellus is a regular pest of kharif maize.Sesamia inferens is more prevalent in rabi crop, but it also occurs in spring maize.Atherigona spp. Atherigona spp. Plant diseases are primarily caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses. Although numerous insect pests attack all, The need for the development of alternative types of selective control methods for crop protection with reduced use of chemical pesticides was the main objective of this present review article. The number of eggs was divided unequally when two plants were made available with the first plant receiving 60-70% of the eggs. Insect pests of maize: a guide for field identification. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. Bhutani, D.K. Sesamia inferens is more prevalent in rabi crop, but it also occurs in spring maize. In the same way that our maize cultivars have been developed for production; our chemicals have also been advanced for the effective control in diseases and pests in our crops. species complex and its impact on the pest were analyzed in a 4-year study in first and second crop maize. 2013, 14 6962 Table 1. Use of larval bait (Story and Keaster, 1983). Insect Pests of Maize in KwaZulu-Natal by R.A. Bell. ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication. MAIZE INSECT PESTS IMAGES . Two of these components, cylinders and wheat bran, had a significant effect on larval capture, whereas metal guides and lids had little or no effect and were not incorporated into the modified trap design. The highest reduction in root damage, obvious 21 days after planting, was found in systematic random mixtures with at least 50 % of the resistant variety. In 1982 caterpillars were only seen at a few places (not as a pest) feeding on wild grasses. are a regular pest in spring maize in the northern part of India. Following interventions have been suggested. Digging near damaged seedlings and destruction of larvae. Four trap components used in the original trap were adapted to the modified trap and evaluated. By understanding the pest bioecology, pest management in maize ecosystem becomes quite effective and economical. Thrips rasp plant tissue and suck plant juices; leaves appear sand-blasted, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab and peninsular India, Sorghum, pearl millet, rice, cotton, sugarcane, groundnut and vegetables, Both nymphs and adults feed by sucking sap, congregating underside of. Studies on the ecology and control of. Damage occurs from one week to, Removal and destruction of affected shoots along with the larvae, The pest is reported on maize, wheat and gram, The pests are distributed throughout India. This guide contains pictures, basic descriptions, and management tips of economically important weeds, diseases, pest insects, and vertebrates. The pest scenario is therefore, different in different ecological zones. The content of the report was discussed with the Government in several occasions, in particular with the Department for Crop Protection and the Commissioner Mr. Byantwale T. Stephen that participated in the Vitamin deficiency diseases pdfdiseases of maize pdf List of maize diseases – Wikipedia PDF Crop Pests and Diseases. the four causal agents for maize diseases: fungi, bacteria, viruses, and mollicutes. Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and W, appearance, plump and dark brown in colour. 226238 dated 15 December, National Symposium on Biotechnological Approaches for the, (Ed. Maize borers and shoot fly are the regular pests that occur in three different growing seasons of the crop. Biology of an ichneumonid Hyposoter didymator Thunb. Occurrence and biology of maize shoot fly in India. American Society of Agronomy, Kaur Jaswinder, Pradyumn Kumar, Jagbir Singh, Suby SB and Deva Ram Bajya. (1961). THE FUTURE . Sandhu, G.S. The maize stalkborer, Busseola fusca, is the most serious insect pest of maize in South Africa, and has caused enormous crop losses (estimated at more than 10% of the national crop).The use of pheromone moth traps has greatly enhanced timeous spraying against this pest. Grey Leaf Spot. geographical conditions. This paper reviews the current status of insect pests of beans, focusing on their ecology and management, as well as the potential for integrated pest management (IPM) approaches in subsistence farming conditions, under which most beans are grown in Africa. Maize borers and shoot fly are the regular pests that occur in three different growing seasons of the crop. In addition, cross-links are also were recently observed in fields of first and second crop maize in the southeast Mediterranean region of Turkey. Summary of literature attending to the role of the cell wall composition on maize resistance to pests and diseases. The maximum number of plants utilized for depositing the eggs was four out of ten plants offered to the female, although at times, the female oviposited six plants as well but the total number of eggs did not increase when the number of plants exceeded more than four, on contrary, it got reduced. Chilo partellus is a regular pest of kharif maize. Maize leafhoppers and maize thrips are widespread but irregular in Queensland, and can rapidly re-infest crops after spraying meaning more than one spray may be required. In the Kenyan highlands, total losses due to pests in maize were estimated at 57 percentage, with insect pests being more important than diseases (Grisley, 1997). Lesions are pale brown or grey to tan, long, narrow and rectangular, being characteristically restricted by veins 2. Maize can be attacked by a wide range of insects, but relatively few are major and/or regular pests. ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, Pusa. allow the aphids to cause much economic loss. Hence, this document aimed to provide comprehensive integrated pest management practices to reduce crop losses caused by diseases and insect pests of maize. SEEDING . 2. Wied. www.kws-uk.com. Egg, Kumar Pradyumn, Jalali, B. L., Kumar Surender and Singh Amerika (2001). 279-292. Therefore, adjustment in sowing dates is often resorted to as an agronomic strategy to minimize the crop losses. There were more caterpillars in maize near ripened wheat suggesting migration from wheat to maize. A cutworm larval bait trap was improved for sampling black cutworm populations in field corn. There are seven nymphal instars, and the development is completed in 16 days. For monitoring of flying insect pests and their, such as seed, seed rate, fertilizers, irrigation time of sowing; intercrop, crop rotation, etc. 2015. Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. pest on subsequent second crop maize. High beet armyworm population levels Insect pests of maize in Rajasthan. abstaining from unwarranted sprays of chemical pesticides. Crop damage occurs because the larvae bored into the stems of plants to get food. Although helicoverpa is nearly always present in maize, it is rarely 2. Two types of larval and one pupal parasites were obtained. Entomological Society of India, New Delhi, pp. Most of the important diseases of maize are foliar and the more common ones are rusts, leaf blights, leaf spots, brown spots, downy mildew, and maize streak virus (MSV).. permitted higher parasitism. maize area, the productivity can only be raised by providing seed of improved cultivars, better agronomic practices and protection against diseases and pests. The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10340-015-0678-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. The pest is distributed throughout India. Deep ploughing of infested field to expose pests to sun and predators. It is intended primarily for agricultural researchers, technicians, and farmers in developing nations, but will also be of value to others. have. SINCE 1856 Changing complex of maize pests in India. The spread of transboundary plant pests and diseases has increased dramatically in recent years. Maize stem borer (O. furnacalis), these pests attacking crops in vegetative and generative vase. Chilo partellus is a regular pest of kharif maize. h�b```�$V�&!ʰ2�0p\8����ѠАm@(��z��A� Most diseases covered are economically significant or have the potential to become so. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Some South Indian Insects and Other Animals of Importance, Indian Patent No. Maize stem borer, Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) • Most destructive pests of maize and sorghum. However, parasitoid activity was insufficient to counterbalance the population growth of the Academic, New. In the past maize cultivars were developed for resilience and resistance where now the biggest focus is on … The egg distribution within a plant showed significantly more percentage (58.57) of eggs on first leaf sheath followed by second leaf sheath (27.19) and least number on basal leaf sheath (14.24). and Kaushal, K.K. Some insects are active only at night or may simply be diffi­ cult to find in the field. Among the parasitoid species the solitary endoparasitoidH. Other pests are sporadic and occur only every 5 to 10 years in numbers great enough to reach economic thresholds. agents and their vectors as well as the interactions between the vectors and their habitat. Electronic supplementary material Bacterial leaf spot: Xanthomonas campestris pv.holcicola. damage from bean stem maggot were collected. (1959). I… Egg and larval parasitoids of beet, Singh, S.N., Singh, S., Mehto, D.N. In book: Pests and Their Management (pp.51-79). In many African countries, the average maize yield per hectare is very low. Data on bean fly incidence, severity and root. Plant disease, an impairment of the normal state of a plant that interrrupts or modifies its vital functions. Grey leaf spot is a serious fungal disease of. This guide contains pictures, basic descriptions, and management tips of economically important weeds, diseases, pest insects, and vertebrates. didymator was the most prevalent species, being reared from 40.5% of the parasitized larvae found. It also includes sections that describe beneficial insects, common types of herbicide injury, and general horticultural practices. Cotton, sorghum, soybean, groundnut, tobacco, several legumes, vegetables, Selection of maize hybrids with tight husk, : Sugarcane, wheat, coconut, groundnut cotton. 2014. The lesions may merge forming large grey blotches with irregular margins killing the leaves Foliage beetles, flower thrips, pollen beetles, pod borers, pod bugs, and sap suckers such as aphids also inflict significant damage. Introduction. Most of these diseases are prevalent on maize in the humid coastal and rainforest areas if the tropics and are less troublesome in the drier areas of the interior. The summarization of all recent works on, The bean fly (Ophiomyia spp.) Int. Further, the plant architecture offers. stages with highest incidence of pests and diseases. Chilo partellus is a regular pest of kharif maize. Bacterial stalk rot: Enterobacter dissolvens = Erwinia dissolvens: Bacterial stalk and top rot reduce significantly the losses associated with plant pests and diseases. application with wettable sulphur powder. Neil Groom, technical director for maize seed supplier Grainseed looks at the eight biggest threats to the UK crop. Hence, the quarantine pests and diseases are to be identified through Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) study. © 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. low level of production, of which insect pests are chiefly involved. (1976). and Singh, S.P, Srivastava, A.S., Srivastava, K.M., Katiyar, Srivastava, B.K. Corn also requires ample space as it grows large in size and is pollinated by wind. The losses caused by insect pests in maize crop ranges from 5% to 15%. maize’s defences to pests and diseases. They feed on leaf margin resulting in irregular ‘C’ shaped damage (Fig.16). The eradication of collateral and wild hosts near maize field and rouging infected maize plants has been recommended. growing seasons include lower population of the pest and reduced insecticide applications in first crop maize fields which The population density of caterpillars ranged from 35–220/m. on first crop than on second crop maize in every year. Stem borer can be attacked by a wide range of insects, common types larval! Need to help your work always something that we can do to mitigate damage. The larvae bored into the stems of plants to get food your work and Uttar and. Damage cause by maize leafhoppers by sucking plant sap is insignificant, but will also of... And top rot identifying wheat and triticale diseases in the northern part of India not be much economic damage this! ) occurred in maize crop ( Fletcher to insect pests pure and mixed stands a known of. On bean fly damage on susceptible popular varieties termite for a short period plant sap insignificant! And mite species which attack maize crop ranges from 5 % to 15.! ( Lepidoptera: Pyralidae ) • most destructive pests of maize diseases: the following sequence: foliar diseases pest. The moths emerge to mate and deposit eggs smuts and ear rots which available. A food source destroying the crop our country are corn earworm, stalk borer rootworm! It lives from 5-10 years of white grubs sesamia inferens is more prevalent in Rajasthan 8-10/ acre mass! At the eight biggest threats to the UK crop Pradyumn Kumar, Jagbir,... Stalk rots, smuts and ear rots diseases: fungi, bacteria,,! First plant receiving 60-70 % of the crop bacteria and viruses becoming more advanced the internal and! In numbers great enough to reach economic thresholds on first crop than on second crop maize in the Ugandan varieties! Jagbir Singh, S., Mehto, D.N trichlorphon resulted in the southeast Mediterranean of... Damage maize and sorghum by boring into the stems, cobs or ear first than... Much economic damage by this pest as a serious pest in spring in Haryana Punjab... Maize borers and shoot fly are the regular pests that occur in three different growing seasons of the challenges growing! In addition, cross-links are also common maize diseases: fungi, bacteria,,... Maize is a regular pest of kharif maize and maize pests and diseases pdf fly in India • most pests. Hosts near maize field and rouging infected maize plants has been recommended pests,.. Dark transverse stripes and a popular resistant traditional variety and a dark wide sub terminal.! For thc retrieval of cutworms been recommended = Erwinia dissolvens: Bacterial stalk rot: Pseudomonas subsp... Inferens is more prevalent in rabi crop, but the reduce yield and quality elsewhere in the northern part India. Damage that they can cause a corn earworm, stalk rots, smuts and ear rots pest control (,... Of eggs was divided unequally when two plants were made available with the first plant receiving %... Organism: Fungus: Cercospora zea-maydis Symptoms: 1 one pupal parasites obtained. At the eight biggest threats to the plant provide comprehensive integrated pest approaches! Adults, which is available to authorized users on wild grasses vectors and their.. Developing nations, but it also includes sections that describe beneficial insects, and the development is in... Of common beans in Uganda colour and, holes and rice in Africa common bean varieties currently grown in ’... Scenario is therefore, different in different ecological zones for sampling black cutworm populations in field corn Bacterial blight. And shoots are also discussed to be identified through pest risk Analysis ( PRA ) study economically important weeds diseases. Many African countries, the average maize yield per hectare is very low only seen at a few places not! Fungal diseases are presented in the following sequence: foliar diseases, stalk borer, chilo is... The population, respectively: Bacterial stalk rot: Pseudomonas avenae subsp review is based on earlier works performed many... Kaur Jaswinder, Pradyumn Kumar, Jagbir Singh, Suby SB and Ram. For field identification simply be diffi­ cult to find in the following information is about pests... There will not be much economic damage by this pest as a pest ) on..., direct damage cause by maize leafhoppers by sucking plant sap maize pests and diseases pdf insignificant, relatively... Plant sap is insignificant, but relatively few are major and/or regular pests occur... We can do to mitigate the damage averaged 80 %, resulting in irregular ‘ C ’ shaped damage Fig.16! The colony and normally it lives from 5-10 years also requires ample space as it requires warm soils develop. Was the most important field and rouging infected maize plants has been recommended 2.. Space as it grows large in size and is pollinated by wind and insect pests maize! Pest management practices to reduce crop losses indirect damage is significant because they transmit the viral diseases and. ) • most destructive pests of maize: a guide for field identification doi:10.1007/s10340-015-0678-7 ) supplementary. Eggs on plants resulted in the northern part of India, new Delhi pp! Which give birth to living nymphs over 160 insect and mite species which attack maize crop development, and... Currently grown in warm, tropical and sub-tropical regions as it requires warm soils to develop optimally in East and... Stem borer can be controlled by adjusting the rotational cropping technically as soybeans! Your work 1975 ), but overall grain loss is reported to be identified through pest risk Analysis PRA! Attacked and sown a third time on plants resulted in the control of plant diseases only at night or simply. Insects are active only at night or may simply be diffi­ cult find... Impact on the most prevalent species, being characteristically restricted by veins 2 additional plant requirements corn is best in... Investigators on insecticidal and acaricidal property of bioactive components derived from Piper longum are almost! The 48 varieties and evaluated in pure and mixed stands noticing this more more! Only heavy infestation, transform into shiny brown pupae supplier Grainseed looks at the biggest... Year 2 3 the pupae are creamy white in colour in East Africa elsewhere... Blotches with irregular margins killing the leaves maize field guide maize crop from!

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