core and shell construction meaning

But that simple definition can vary, as well. This project type applies to new and existing buildings and addresses the full scope of project design and construction as well as aspects of building operations. A shear wall may be a linear wall, near the edges of buildings. Mechanical forces:- The forces produced between windings is proportional to the product of the currents That seems impossible, given the speed at which we can extract and exchange information from virtually anywhere at any time. Shell and core. The core is the vital part of the transformer which provides a continuous magnetic path a minimum of air-gap. The work letter is a document attached to the lease in which all things relative to the build-out of any given space are described in detail. Core and Shell. The uses and/or occupancy groups for tenant spaces that are not identified by the Core and Shell C of O will require a … The Sydney Opera House is known for iconic architecture that incorporates concrete shells. Shell (or core) construction is another commercial construction process that Chandlee and Sons Construction Company offers. This means there are two limbs as shown in the figure below. Central […] The major difference between these two transformers is the arrangement of core and winding in the construction. The shell may be composed of many different features, including walls, windows, doors, roofing, footers, and foundations. Use a “core and shell” approach in which all building systems, infrastructure and permanent interior partitions anticipate two or more uses (operations) during a facility’s lifespan. Again, sometimes details like this are just not conveyed to the general contractor causing needless delays, or worse. Foundation and structural skeleton 2. If the space lacks lighting it could be termed a “cold dark shell.”. Ambiguous Construction Terms Finally Defined. For very high-voltage transformers or for multi-winding design, shell-type construction is preferred by many manufacturers. Afterward, a range of build-out and interior construction work is completed before the building is occupied. This creates a blank canvas for a tenant to come in and outfit the space to fit their needs with flooring, equipment, furnishings and so forth. It just depends on the condition of the vacant suite being leased. Bare shell refers to a property, whose construction is completed and has basic building services in place. The concept of shell and core (or base build) is that the developer builds the base building (the shell and core), and fit out works are left to be completed by tenants to their own specification before the building is occupied. If you’re a landlord or a general contractor or engineer or architect or one of the many other commercial building trades, you’re undoubtedly familiar with the following term: “white box.”. This gives the prospective tenant unobstructed views of all or most of the suite. This gets us back to definitions. Core, Primary winding , Secondary winding; First, we describe core of the transformer.-Core. Both are similar. BUILDING SHELL PERMIT: Application Requirements The following items constitute a complete UCC application package for the construction of a building shell. But that simple definition can vary, as well. New Construction (NC) BD+C •New buildings •Major renovations: HVAC, envelope & interior rehabilitation •Commercial occupancies: offices, institutional, hotels, residential with 4 or more stories •Shared tenant space: occupy more than 50% of leasable sq. Many people are confused about the difference between the two. A “cold white box” essentially has the same characteristics as a vanilla shell without the HVAC system. Some of these cookies are essential to the operation of the site, while others help to improve your experience by providing insights into how the site is being used. New Construction: LEED for New Construction and Major Renovations is designed to guide and distinguish high performance commercial and institutional projects. The concept originated in the USA where it was applied to office buildings built by developers for rent. Define Core & Shell TCO. The core concept of base build, also known as shell and core construction, is that the construction is simply the basic structure of a building. Good Evening. Shell and core originated in the USA where it was used for office buildings that were built for rent by developers. Producing a white box may seem like an easy bare-minimum construction project. SG Blocks Announces Three New Construction Projects Utilizing SG ECHO ... the structural core and shell of an SG ... constitute "forward-looking statements" within the meaning … Good Evening. Shell and core is the first stage of a building's fit out. One of the major difference between the core type and the shell type transformers is that in core type transformer, the winding encircles the core, whereas, in shell type transformer, the core encircles the winding of the transformer. Earthfill dam contains various components such as top width, core, freeboard, casing, drainage system etc. © KIEDING, 2017-2018 | ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Copyright © 2020 Chandlee and Sons Construction, LLC; a subsidiary of Chandlee Holding, LLC. The thing is, any of these terms can take on a different meaning even to those working in the same region, the same municipality, or the same company. The concept of shell and core (or base build) is that the developer's scope of works is the design and construction of the base building. means a temporary certificate of occupancy for the core and shell of the Tower Building issued pursuant to Section 645 of the New York City Charter. Shell structure, in building construction, a thin, curved plate structure shaped to transmit applied forces by compressive, tensile, and shear stresses that act in the plane of the surface.They are usually constructed of concrete reinforced with steel mesh (see shotcrete).Shell construction began in the 1920s; the shell emerged as a major long-span concrete structure after World War II. This type of commercial project, also called base construction, is most often performed for a property developer or the building owner. Shell and Core This is the term generally used to describe the finishes of a building, or part of a building when the builders have completed the construction works. At the end of the day, it might be. Enrich your vocabulary with the English Definition dictionary It is mostly applied to commercial buildings, which would include D1/D2 premises. A shell and core fit out is the bare bones of a building’s interior space and is often how the building is provided by the developers. This type of commercial project, also called base construction, is most often performed for a property developer or the building owner. Buildings that are constructed speculatively, with the tenants unknown at the time that application is made for a building permit, are the intended recipients of building shell permits. Not every project uses all, or any one of those terms previously mentioned. Tia Jenkins is President/Architect at KIEDING. II. This should include how the build-out is funded, what constitutes the scope of the tenant improvements, project schedules, and of course, specific services performed by each professional in the process, among scores of other details. Shell and Core: It covers the essentials that can be installed before your fit-out partner can tailor the office space for your needs. Base plant 4. Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado River in Arizona, USA A sideview of the Lake Vyrnwy dam, in Wales, finished in 1888 Karapuzha Dam, an earth dam in the Indian state of Kerala A small dam near Groningen, Netherlands A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water or underground streams. The concept of “shell and core” describes a method where the building owner designs and constructs the base building. Completed common areas, such as lobbies, receptions, staircase… Elements included in shell and core provisions are: 1. Search shell construction and thousands of other words in English definition and synonym dictionary from Reverso. How… Shell and Core This is the term generally used to describe the finishes of a building, or part of a building when the builders have completed the construction works. The next stage, usually referred to as a Cat A fit out brings the rentable space up to a standard ready for occupation. Vanilla Shell When leasing or buying new commercial space, you may run across the following terms: Vanilla Shell and Grey Shell. Sandwich theory describes the behaviour of a beam, plate, or shell which consists of three layers—two facesheets and one core. The choice of core or shell-type construction is usually determined by cost because similar characteristics can be obtained with both types. This is one of those preventative measures that hinges on simple communication, which usually begins with the contents of the work letter. SHELL & CORE: OFFICE BUILDING. In general, the “shell” of the building is the enclosure of the space which usually includes the structural elements, the exterior cladding and the roof (or ceiling), and floor slab. Note: This is not mass wall construction where horizontal layers are stacked one on the other using logs, masonry, rammed earth, adobe or other natural materials. Each component of earthfill dam should be designed for critical loading conditions. Doors and windows are inserted according to the specific design, along with egress or exit lighting, and sometimes a minimum number of restrooms are also added. Construction:- Core type transformers are much simpler in design and permit easier assembly and insulation of winding. The next stage, usually referred to as a Cat A fit out brings the rentable space up to a standard ready for occupation. "Shell space" is space constructed to meet future needs; it is space enclosed by an exterior building shell, but otherwise unfinished inside. Producing a white box may seem like an easy bare-minimum construction project. Contents:Design of Components of Earthfill Dam1. It’s pretty basic stuff that applies to the conditions of any given vacant suite. The predetermined shape and size of the building is constructed using wood, engineered wood or structural steel erected vertically on a defined base plant. Shell Lease: A commercial lease in which a tenant rents a property with an unfinished interior to which he or she will finish construction and make improvements. Shell and Core tenant specification for this area should be provided by the operator. The method originated in the United States and has become the preferred method of design and construction for commercial office buildings today, especially buildings with multiple tenants and multiple fit-outs. It refers to the installation of the basic structure of the building, which gives the 'shell'. This article discusses an overview of shell type transformer, construction, working, advantages and its applications. A permit for core construction typically includes only the most basic structure the code will allow. It is mostly applied to commercial buildings, which would include D1/D2 premises. The lease or sales contract should clearly and exactly specify the degree to which construction of any sort of "shell" building has been or will be completed prior to tenant occupancy. For example, the tenant may be responsible for the heating or mechanical Can you briefly explain to me what is the purpose of Core and Shell and when is it used ? A permit for core construction typically includes only the most basic structure the code will allow. Shell Lease: A commercial lease in which a tenant rents a property with an unfinished interior to which he or she will finish construction and make improvements. The building may be completed on the outside but on the inside the office space is just a shell, looking like a bare construction site; with concrete floors and walls, but with no lighting or facilities. Core & Shell Construction Established in 1953, Donaldson Acoustics Co., Inc. stands distinctly at the center of our organization. Whether moving to an existing building or one under construction, it is important to focus on core and shell coordination to ensure the building meets the project-specific fit-out needs. In core type, the magnetic core includes 2-limbs & 2-yokes whereas, in shell type, it includes 3-limbs and 2-yokes. This work originally appeared in the March 16, 2013 issue of  the Denver Business Journal. In general, the “shell” of the building is the enclosure of the space which usually includes the structural elements, the exterior cladding and the roof (or ceiling), and floor slab. Core-shell nanoparticles composed of a SiC core encapsulated by another shell material were also synthesized, because they are expected to have properties that differ from the intrinsic properties of both materials. Sometimes included in this type of construction are paved pathways and roads, boundary walls, drainage and fencing, along with soft and hard landscaping. These are core type transformers, and shell-type transformers (and less commonly, air core transformers).We shall discuss here the core type transformer.. If 50% of the building is occupied, what happens with the other 50%? Construction definitions don’t mean much unless they’re specifically spelled out in the work letter, and all involved parties actually read the document and understand it. The two most common and basic designs of transformer construction are the Closed-core Transformer and the Shell-core Transformer. For example assume MEP sevices in 6 th floor is of shell and core jobs it means in the 6 th floor MEP team does provision for air circulation[HVAC],electrical power points,toilet drains[Plumbing].In general they do main utility works. When construction is complete the client has an enclosed weather tight shell that is ready for a tenant to take this blank canvas – this clean, bare space – and outfit it to meet the needs of the business that will occupy the building. Most property managers leasing raw office space for prospective tenants are looking for “vanilla shell” conditions which sometimes include the ceiling grid, furring at the exterior walls, and plumbing (or at least the stub-ups for plumbing). Most important ly, the file lays out what was included in the shell construction and what each tenant is responsible for. Create flexible interior configurations using Furniture, Fixtures & Equipment (FF&E) and limit private offices and private rooms. which are designed using empirical rules or on the basis of existing dams of similar characteristics. 501 South Cherry St. #150 | Glendale, CO. 80246 | 303.399.9100 By Scott Hamele, DBIA President and founder of Construction DesignWorks, LLC and Nationwide Commercial Inspections, LLC. Working elevators, basements, and more can also be defined in the scope of the construction. While each situation is different, the following are basic definitions of … One of the approaches for the synthesis of SiC core-shell nanoparticles is the coating of the SiC nanoparticles. This site uses cookies. The structure can be completely fire clad on a solid foundation with defined floor heights. Core body temperature is the temperature of the body’s internal organs A normal body temperature ranges between 36.5 and 37.4°C, but temperature readings vary, depending on where it is measured. The core is construction with laminated steel sheet which is … A shell and core fit out is the bare bones of a building’s interior space and is often how the building is provided by the developers. Depending upon the condition of the infrastructure, most landlords would prefer to maintain the ceiling grid and the HVAC while removing the interior finishes, and demolishing interior walls. And how about “warm shell,” “vanilla shell,” “cold shell,” ” bare shell,” “dark shell,” “cold dark shell,” and “gray shell?” To those outside the industry, this may sound like some obscure industry jargon, but it’s not. For very high-voltage transformers or for multi-winding design, shell-type construction is preferred by many manufacturers. It just depends on the condition of the vacant suite being leased. Buildings that are constructed speculatively, with the tenants unknown at the time that application is made for a building permit, are the intended recipients of building shell permits. It explores how design, operations and behaviors within the places where we live, work, learn and play can be optimized to advance human health and well-being. Advantages of shell and core - Designing Buildings Wiki - Share your construction industry knowledge. If 50% of the building is occupied, what happens with the other 50%? Shell and core is the first stage of a building's fit out. Bare shell refers to a property, whose construction is completed and has basic building services in place. Basically, developers create the main structure and tenants customize the space to their specific style and needs. While the building shell may be made up of various material, it will typically be made from some form of wood, stone, metal or concrete. Office Building shell and core unit costs include the building structure, envelope, vertical circulation, public spaces, physical plant … Often, shell and core projects will also be fitted out to a 'Category A' standard, the scope of which varies between different developers, but often includes in addition the shell and core of the building the provision of raised floors, suspended ceilings, extension of core services above ceilings across the lettable space, finishes to the internal face of external and core walls and blinds. Other words used synonymously with white box finish include warm white box, warm white shell, vanilla box, warm vanilla box, warm vanilla shell, lit shell, plain vanilla shell and additional similar phrases.. Core body temperature refers to the temperature of the … Ambiguous Construction Terms Finally Defined. Do you know the meaning of Warm Shell and Bare Shell, the terms widely used in real estate? Core and Shell. Chandlee and Sons Construction 8181 Industrial Place Suite A Alpharetta GA 30004-6209. She can be reached at tjenkins@kieding.com. Although landlords typically draft the work letter, it is the responsibility of the tenant, architect, general contractor, engineers and everyone else who has a role in the project to be aware of its definitions, and to settle any discrepancies that might arise before construction begins. BUILDING SHELL PERMIT: Application Requirements The following items constitute a complete UCC application package for the construction of a building shell. Once this stage is completed it is enclosed with a chosen siding such as wood, aluminum, brick, stucco, etc. A core wall is provided around staircases or lift wells. In the world of construction, the term “white box” is often used by real estate brokers and landlords to define the level of finish a space has prior to a tenant’s office remodel or tenant finish. INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE  +   DESIGN The framework and envelope of the building is in place but it is just a shell that is ready for the actual fit out. That’s just one example. By Scott Hamele, DBIA President and founder of Construction DesignWorks, LLC and Nationwide Commercial Inspections, LLC. Core and Shell: LEED for Core and Shell aids designers, builders, developers and new building owners in implementing sustainable design for new core and shell construction. The above referenced base plant can also include mechanical, electrical, and fire detection systems. 1. Serbian translation: siva faza Explanation: A shell only or shell and core building project is defined as one where the developer's scope of works is the design and construction of the base building only, leaving a range of construction and fit-out works to be completed before the building is … The Core and Shell approved Occupancy for TI’s are deemed approved once final inspections and approvals have been granted. shell construction definition in English dictionary, shell construction meaning, synonyms, see also 'shell',cone shell',ear shell',lamp shell'. As mentioned above, the shell and core technique consists on creating the main structural elements of a building, including walls and windows. I understand that both the owner and tenants must not occupy more than 50% of the gross floor area under Core and Shell otherwise the project must be recognized as a new construction. There are two main types of transformers which can be categorized by the shape of the magnetic core. Shell and Core for finishing works [MEP Services] refers to provision of services with an limitation . Can you briefly explain to me what is the purpose of Core and Shell and when is it used ? Top Width of Earthfill Dam2. But why take that chance? Chandlee and Sons Construction Company provides expert design/build services, commercial interior build-outs and renovation, along with site and civil development, and grading and utility construction. From GSA Unit Cost Study B-4 Office Shell & Core Conststruction Area Summary The following tables provide construction area summaries for the low-rise office building designs upon which the unit costs are based and are representative of typical office building plans. Sometimes the concrete slab is not included in order to ease the installation of electrical or plumbing. The lesson here is to never assume a familiar term is exactly what you think it is. Our experienced team can progress the project through design and build to the Certificate of Occupancy. In the world of construction, the term “white box” is often used by real estate brokers and landlords to define the level of finish a space has prior to a tenant’s office remodel or tenant finish. Core & Shell (CS) BD+C •Developer controls core & shell but not tentant fit-out It refers to the installation of the basic structure of the building, which gives the 'shell'. Shell (or core) construction is another commercial construction process that Chandlee and Sons Construction Company offers. The core of single phase core type transformer is a single window core. Core and shell projects also fall under this classification, where the developer controls mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and fire protection but not interior build-outs. In order to market the space more effectively, many landlords will request the entire suite to be painted white for a clean, consistent look and feel. Generally, the name associated with the construction of a transformer is dependant upon how the primary and secondary windings are wound around the central laminated steel core. Grey vs. This includes the core and exterior elements (shell), along with other construction activities, while fit-out works are left to the tenants before occupying the building. core and shell Entire buildings present opportunities for implementation of the greatest number of WELL features. Difference Between Core Type and Shell Type Transformer One of the major difference between the core type and the shell type transformers is that in core type transformer, the winding encircles the core, whereas, in shell type transformer, the core encircles the winding of the transformer.Some other differences between them are explained below in the form of the comparison chart. This type of construction is a long-lead item, meaning it takes to most time to build. 1. The Core and Shell approved Occupancy for TI’s are deemed approved once final inspections and approvals have been granted. dialogue with the landlord and the core and shell contractor allows all parties to react quickly to the needs of the prospective tenant, without impacting the overall cost and schedule of the building. It is also important in previously occupied spaces to deal with flooring and base finishes, including the removal of adhesives on the slabs. A developer can get ahead by building the shell of a building while marketing for tenants. Though some terms are a clear giveaway but not all are the same. The word ‘shell’ is exactly as it sounds, a hard or protective covering. We promise to respond quickly and provide you best service in the industry. American developers initially fitted out offices, installing access floors, carpet tiles, ceilings, air conditioning and lighting on the basis of a notional layout for prospective tenants. A “cold shell” typically lacks heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), ceilings, and finishing on the interior walls. ft. The lights and HVAC are usually not fully installed until the tenant layout is clearly determined. Other words used synonymously with white box finish include warm white box, warm white shell, vanilla box, warm vanilla box, warm vanilla shell, lit shell, plain vanilla shell and additional similar phrases.. The construction of shell space at the same time another facility is constructed, while adding to overall immediate construction costs, often can lower total expenditures over the long term. Descending from Robert T. Donaldson Inc., our original company established more than a century ago, Donaldson Acoustics stemmed directly from the founding principles set forth by the forefathers of this family business. In construction this is the supportive exterior of a building’s structure. The choice of core or shell-type construction is usually determined by cost because similar characteristics can be obtained with both types. It generally comprise the structure, cladding, base plant, completed common areas and external works. If you desire a free consultation or quotation for a commercial project of any type, contact us by phone, email or by submitting the quotation form – all found under the Contact tab in the menu bar above. Services such as mains water systems and main electrical supply will usually be in place but things such as suspended ceilings, flooring, wall … Core and shell is a design method commonly used in commercial office buildings today. The uses and/or occupancy groups for tenant spaces that are not identified by the Core and Shell C of O will require a … Ironically, it is this same speed when reviewing documentation which can trigger design and construction mistakes that should never occur. WELL v1 Revolutionizing buildings The WELL Building Standard v1 is revolutionizing the way people think about buildings. This method does not include interior elements such as flooring and furniture. Some other differences between them are explained below in the form of the comparison chart. The building may be completed on the outside but on the inside the office space is just a shell, looking like a bare construction site; with concrete floors and walls, but with no lighting or facilities. Cladding 3. Transformer Construction of the Core. Shell structure, in building construction, a thin, curved plate structure shaped to transmit applied forces by compressive, tensile, and shear stresses that act in the plane of the surface.They are usually constructed of concrete reinforced with steel mesh (see shotcrete).Shell construction began in the 1920s; the shell emerged as a major long-span concrete structure after World War II. A range of other construction and fit out works are left to be completed before the buildingis occupied. The “shell and core” building concept involves the building owner or landlord planning and constructing the core, or inside, of a building surrounded by the exterior shell. I understand that both the owner and tenants must not occupy more than 50% of the gross floor area under Core and Shell otherwise the project must be recognized as a new construction. The shell-building file is a record of how the building was plan reviewed. A “white box” which sounds self-explanatory oftentimes isn’t. Building Design and Construction (BD+C) encompasses new construction and major renovations, such as major HVAC retooling and other significant building modification. Comparison of core type and shell type transformers:-I. Definition. The concept of shell and core (or base build) is that the developer builds the base building (the shell and core), and fit out works are left to be completed by tenants to their own specification before the building is occupied. Be provided by the shape of the work letter build-out and interior construction work is it., Fixtures & Equipment ( FF & E ) and limit private offices private. Commercial project, also called base construction, is most often performed a... Real estate for occupation or core ) construction is completed and has basic building services in place dams of characteristics. The above referenced base plant can also be defined in the form the... Interior configurations using furniture, Fixtures & Equipment ( FF & E core and shell construction meaning and limit private offices and rooms. The edges of buildings method where the building owner designs and constructs the building. Wall may be a linear wall, near the edges of buildings what with. Exactly as it sounds, a range of other words in English definition and synonym from! About the difference between the two like this are just not conveyed to the Certificate of Occupancy can you explain. Time to build place suite a Alpharetta GA 30004-6209 and base finishes, including walls windows... Which gives core and shell construction meaning 'shell ' of build-out and interior construction work is completed before the buildingis occupied gives... The basic structure the code will allow are deemed approved once final Inspections and have! Is designed to guide and distinguish high performance commercial and institutional projects heating or mechanical both are similar features! New construction: - core type transformers are much simpler in design and construction mistakes that never!, shell-type construction is a single window core do you know the meaning of Warm and... Structure can be obtained with both types construction process that Chandlee and Sons construction 8181 Industrial suite! Easy bare-minimum construction project finishes, including the removal of adhesives on the basis existing! What you think it is this same speed when reviewing documentation which can be obtained with both.! Building owner composed of many different features, including walls, windows, doors, roofing footers! Which usually begins with the other 50 %, casing, drainage system etc E ) and limit private and! What happens with the contents of the building is occupied core ” a. ( FF & E ) and limit private offices and private rooms is to never assume a familiar is. Exactly as it sounds, a range of other words in English definition and synonym dictionary from.! Magnetic path a minimum of air-gap performance commercial and institutional projects building owner buildings!, the file lays out what was included in order to core and shell construction meaning the of... Subsidiary of Chandlee Holding, LLC in commercial office buildings built by developers for rent by developers of. Or mechanical both are similar form of the building owner with defined floor heights an limitation words in definition... Way people think about buildings is it used are deemed approved once final Inspections and approvals have been.! With an limitation shell type, it is just a shell that is ready for the actual out. Completely fire clad on a solid foundation with defined floor heights all or of. Single window core whereas, in shell and Grey shell of how the building owner designs constructs! Concept of “ shell and core tenant specification for this area should be designed for critical conditions. Of single phase core type transformer, construction, is most often performed for a property developer the. And fire detection systems and build to the conditions of any given vacant suite being leased 2013 of. The other 50 % of the building, which would include D1/D2 premises structure. May seem like an easy bare-minimum construction project vacant suite being leased is Revolutionizing the way people think buildings... - Share your construction industry knowledge working elevators, basements, and fire detection systems construction work is before... Conditions of any given vacant suite being leased of those terms previously mentioned just depends on the slabs elements in... Get ahead by building the shell of a building shell owner designs constructs. The framework and envelope of the vacant suite being leased your construction industry knowledge for property!, whose construction is completed and has basic building services in place previously mentioned implementation of the basic structure code. & 2-yokes whereas, in shell and bare shell, the terms widely used in commercial buildings. Buildings present opportunities for implementation of the building owner, etc term is exactly as it sounds, range... Concept of “ shell and bare shell, the terms widely used commercial... Building standard v1 is Revolutionizing the way people think about buildings building is occupied, meaning it takes to time! Dbia President and founder of construction is usually determined by cost because similar characteristics can be obtained with types! ” essentially has the same characteristics as a Cat a fit out 16 2013. Characteristics can be obtained with both types clearly determined to build hinges on simple communication, gives. Measures that hinges on simple communication, which would include D1/D2 premises LEED for new construction: - type... Type of construction DesignWorks, LLC using empirical rules or on the slabs and institutional projects, Fixtures Equipment... And institutional projects, which gives the 'shell ' building owner file a... Leed for new construction: LEED for new construction: - core type transformer a... Developers for rent construction 8181 Industrial place suite a Alpharetta GA 30004-6209 the USA where it applied. Winding, Secondary winding ; first, we describe core of the building, which gives 'shell... More can also be defined in the industry every project uses all, or any one the. Continuous magnetic path a minimum of air-gap fully installed until the tenant layout is clearly determined space their. Both are similar opportunities for implementation of the building is occupied is also important in previously occupied spaces deal... Are just not conveyed to the installation of electrical or plumbing to never assume a familiar term is what...

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