collective intelligence machine learning

In the end the overall costs from coordination might overwhelm other costs. Yet tasks, hereby, refer to mental or intellectual tasks performed by small groups[9] even though the concept is hoped to be transferable to other performances and any groups or crowds reaching from families to companies and even whole cities. [17][18] Recent scholarship,[19] however, suggests that this was probably not what Aristotle meant but is a modern interpretation based on what we now know about team intelligence.[20]. However, various proposals and working papers are in progress or already completed but (supposedly) still in a scholarly peer reviewing publication process. [26], Collective intelligence was introduced into the machine learning community in the late 20th century,[27] and matured into a broader consideration of how to design "collectives" of self-interested adaptive agents to meet a system-wide goal. The collective intelligence score then is used to predict how this same group will perform on any other similar task in the future. 's findings applying an accelerated battery of tasks with a first factor in the factor analysis explaining 49% of the between-group variance in performance with the following factors explaining less than half of this amount. The papers are grouped in topical sections on: computational collective intelligence and natural language processing; machine learning in real-world data; distributed collective intelligence for smart manufacturing; collective intelligence for science and technology; intelligent management information systems; intelligent … [67] In modern times, mass communication, mass media, and networking technologies have enabled collective intelligence to span massive groups, distributed across continents and time-zones. [163][164], Growth of the Internet and mobile telecom has also produced "swarming" or "rendezvous" events that enable meetings or even dates on demand. [9][39][45][65][79], In 2001, Tadeusz (Tad) Szuba from the AGH University in Poland proposed a formal model for the phenomenon of collective intelligence. Tasks vary from being highly independent simple tasks that require very little coordination to complex interdependent tasks that are built by many individuals and require a lot of coordination. With co-operation scientists can use information from different fields and use it effectively instead of gathering all the information just by reading by themselves. [41], Phillip Brown and Hugh Lauder quotes Bowles and Gintis (1976) that in order to truly define collective intelligence, it is crucial to separate 'intelligence' from IQism. Although both use code, ML projects are prone to a higher rate of change over the course of their lifetime. Our research addresses both the study of knowledge and knowhow accumulated in social groups, as well as the creation of tools that democratize data analysis and facilitate collective learning. This defect is a small tear that is scratched into the bottom surface of a … Columbia University Press. Collective intelligence can be seen as an alternative source of media power’ (Jenkins, 2006: 4). An example of learner-generated context is found on the Internet when collaborative users pool knowledge in a "shared intelligence space". [38], The term group intelligence is sometimes used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. “We have invented an automated surface inspection system that uses specialized camera equipment and machine learning to detect and classify furnace tear defects. ArcelorMittal USA’s hot strip mills are combining artificial intelligence (AI) and human innovation to supply higher quality steel to customers. [175][176] This strain of thought is most obvious in the anti-globalization movement and characterized by the works of John Zerzan, Carol Moore, and Starhawk, who typically shun academics. Online advertising companies are using collective intelligence to bypass traditional marketing and creative agencies. ... Data Mining and Machine Learning. The collective intelligence of man and machine Chapo. He develops the concept of a 'group mind' as articulated by Thomas Hobbes in "Leviathan" and Fechner's arguments for a collective consciousness of mankind. It is assumed to be an unconscious, random, parallel, and distributed computational process, run in mathematical logic by the social structure. [11][48] The concept is in contrast to competing hypotheses including other correlational structures to explain group intelligence,[9] such as a composition out of several equally important but independent factors as found in individual personality research. Our research addresses both the study of knowledge and knowhow accumulated in social groups, as well as the creation of tools that democratize data analysis and facilitate collective learning. This happens because of their close connection to the environment. Then it’s our job to decide what to do with that data and how to prepare for necessary maintenance on the furnace.”  Machine Learning SmartData Collective Exclusive An Important Guide To Unsupervised Machine Learning. The increase in user created content and interactivity gives rise to issues of control over the game itself and ownership of the player-created content. How Researchers in Differential Psychology and Chronic Disease Epidemiology Are Collaborating to Understand and Address Health Inequalities", 20.500.11820/134d66d9-98db-447a-a8b2-5b019b96a7bb, "Does working memory training generalize? ICCCI: International Conference on Computational Collective Intelligence. Therefore, without collective intelligence, humans may drive themselves into extinction based on their selfish needs. Later his employer opened up the technology for free use. Collective intelligence makes contact with machine learning in three ways. Publisher — MIT Press. George Pór defined the collective intelligence phenomenon as "the capacity of human communities to evolve towards higher order complexity and harmony, through such innovation mechanisms as differentiation and integration, competition and collaboration. Collective intelligence strongly contributes to the shift of knowledge and power from the individual to the collective. Combine with MACHINE LEARNING to produce unified threat feeds you can ACTUALLY DO something with. It also is a buzzword and is frequently applied to any form of large-scale data or information processing ( collection, extraction, warehousing, analysis, and statistics) as well as any application of computer decision support system, including artificial intelligence … “It was an extremely crude process, very time consuming, and it was not very effective in helping us evaluate if there was a real problem in the furnace with potential to cause serious defects,” said Tom Poplawski, hot mill operating manager at ArcelorMittal Burns Harbor. These computer networks give participating users the opportunity to store and to retrieve knowledge through the collective access to these databases and allow them to "harness the hive"[130] Researchers at the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence research and explore collective intelligence of groups of people and computers. [125], In 2012, the Global Futures Collective Intelligence System (GFIS) was created by The Millennium Project,[126] which epitomizes collective intelligence as the synergistic intersection among data/information/knowledge, software/hardware, and expertise/insights that has a recursive learning process for better decision-making than the individual players alone.[127]. In this situation, opinions are gathered from the crowd regarding an idea, issue or product. In engineering, aggregating many engineering decisions allows for identifying typical good designs. In a bottom-up process the different characteristics of each member are involved in contributing and enhancing coordination. [115][full citation needed], Because of the Internet's ability to rapidly convey large amounts of information throughout the world, the use of collective intelligence to predict stock prices and stock price direction has become increasingly viable. Then, if warranted, it automatically creates an alarm to signal the mill operator or process expert to take action. “People have a lot of fear about digitalization and artificial intelligence. A little frightening as the algorithm is more insistent and intelligent than a salesperson, and also happen to have read every email I’ve sent since 2007 and every search term I’ve entered since 1999—this AI knows a lot … – Dr. Liwei Zhang. Collective intelligence is something that makes systems effective, productive, adaptable, or even resilient. Collective intelligence (CI) is shared or group intelligence that emerges from the collaboration, collective efforts, and competition of many individuals and appears in consensus decision making. Sharpe Inc., Pages: 197–224, Kittur, A., Lee, B. and Kraut, R. E. (2009) '. [9], The number speaking turns indicates that "groups where a few people dominated the conversation were less collectively intelligent than those with a more equal distribution of conversational turn-taking". Goal: Get user (that’s me) to signup Mathematically, c and g are both variables summarizing positive correlations among different tasks supposing that performance on one task is comparable with performance on other similar tasks. In contrast to these views, companies such as Amazon Mechanical Turk and CrowdFlower are using collective intelligence and crowdsourcing or consensus-based assessment to collect the enormous amounts of data for machine learning algorithms. Generic goal of this research is bridging the gap between two domains (human learning vs. machine learning) for their mutual benefits and coevolution. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) seem to be used interchangeably these days although they are not quite the … The Collective Learning group at the MIT Media Lab focuses on how teams, organizations, cities, and nations learn. Suggesting a strong dependence on the relevant tasks, other scholars showed that tasks requiring a high degree of communication and cooperation are found to be most influenced by the team member with the lowest cognitive ability. The Founding Director of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence, Thomas W. Malone, believes that with advancements in machine intelligence and human collective intelligence, there’s an opportunity to shift the way we think about leadership and venture towards a … Anyone who has an access to the internet can contribute to distributing their knowledge over the world through the specialized information sites. [41] Groupthink often hampers collective intelligence by limiting input to a select few individuals or filtering potential Golden Suggestions without fully developing them to implementation. To accommodate this shift in scale, collective intelligence in large-scale groups been dominated by serialized polling processes such as aggregating up-votes, likes, and ratings over time. [39], Top-down processes cover group interaction, such as structures, processes, and norms. [79], A collective intelligence factor c in the sense of Woolley et al. Advances in Computational Collective Intelligence 12th International Conference, ICCCI 2020, Da Nang, Vietnam, November 30 – December 3, 2020, Proceedings. For example, ideas on solving a data science problem (as in Kaggle) or getting a good design for a T-shirt (as in Threadless) or in getting answers to simple problems that only humans can do well (as in Amazon's Mechanical Turk). In: Journal of Management Information Systems (2009), Volume: 26, Issue: 1, Publisher: M.E. Most computers will open PDF documents automatically, but you may need to download Adobe Reader. 692–697, 2009 13th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design, 2009. Henry Jenkins (2002) in Flew, Terry and Humphreys, Sal (2005). It’s powered by artificial intelligence and machine learning. August 14, 2017 - Machine learning may soon make intelligent, informed healthcare decision-making power available to underserved and uninsured populations through an online global network of volunteer physicians called the Human Diagnosis (Dx) Project. Devine and Philips[104] (2001) showed in a meta-analysis that mean cognitive ability predicts team performance in laboratory settings (.37) as well as field settings (.14) – note that this is only a small effect. collaborative development of collective (human + machine) intelligence. [39] Hereby, bottom-up processes cover aggregated group-member characteristics. Solving the game requires "the collective and collaborative efforts of multiple players"; thus the issue of collective and collaborative team play is essential to ARG. Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, and Collective Intelligence in Automotive and Transportation ... AI & Machine Learning Freight Transportation & Logistics Smart Mobility & Automotive. Rosenberg, L.B., "Human swarming, a real-time method for parallel distributed intelligence," in Swarm/Human Blended Intelligence Workshop (SHBI), 2015, vol., no., pp.1–7, 28–29 Sept. 2015 doi: Luckin, R., du Boulay, B., Smith, H., Underwood, J., Fitzpatrick, G., Holmberg, J., Kerawalla, L., Tunley, H., Brewster, D. and Pearce, D. (2005), '. In fact, artificial and collective intelligence can -and should – reinforce each other. I would argue that collective intelligence can also be seen as an alternative source of educational power. More women", "Validation of the Five-Factor Model of Personality Across Instruments and Observers", "Genetic and environmental continuity in personality development: a meta-analysis", "Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? [45][61], The proportion of females as a predictor of c was largely mediated by social sensitivity (Sobel z = 1.93, P= 0.03)[9] which is in vein with previous research showing that women score higher on social sensitivity tests. [158][159][160] Learner-generated contexts represent an ad hoc community that facilitates coordination of collective action in a network of trust. [82][83][84][85], Next to predicting a group's performance on more complex criterion tasks as shown in the original experiments,[9] the collective intelligence factor c was also found to predict group performance in diverse tasks in MBA classes lasting over several months. The synergy between AI and collective intelligence works best the more information we give the machine, says Woolley, which involves difficult … [80] Thereby, highly collectively intelligent groups earned significantly higher scores on their group assignments although their members did not do any better on other individually performed assignments. In a 1962 research report, Douglas Engelbart linked collective intelligence to organizational effectiveness, and predicted that pro-actively 'augmenting human intellect' would yield a multiplier effect in group problem solving: "Three people working together in this augmented mode [would] seem to be more than three times as effective in solving a complex problem as is one augmented person working alone". [135] Aldred's CI-Art event in March 2016 involved over four hundred people from the community of Oxford, Nova Scotia, and internationally. Author: Ian Goodfellow, Yoshua Bengio and Aaron Courville. As the Internet has developed so has the concept of CI as a shared public forum. In Woolley et al. Hereby, an individual's performance on a given set of cognitive tasks is used to measure general cognitive ability indicated by the general intelligence factor g extracted via factor analysis. Because of the possibilities of technology global co-operation is nowadays much easier and productive than before. Virtually, every change in ... using artificial intelligence in visual inspection to integrating machine learning via sensors on production equipment to reduce ... By combining our collective intelligence with the potential of new technologies to get people working more … [38] Individuals who respect collective intelligence are confident of their own abilities and recognize that the whole is indeed greater than the sum of any individual parts. Collective intelligence has been defined as: a shared or group intelligence that emerges from the collaboration, collective efforts, and competition of many individuals and appears in consensus decision making . Cloud labor platforms have become more sophisticated, using machine learning and artifical intelligence to connect companies with the most qualified freelance candidates for their specific project. All three had similar predictive power for c, but only social sensitivity was statistically significant (b=0.33, P=0.05). Climate change is an example of a global issue which collective intelligence is currently trying to tackle. An art project using Web 2.0 platforms is "Shared Galaxy", an experiment developed by an anonymous artist to create a collective identity that shows up as one person on several platforms like MySpace, Facebook, YouTube and Second Life. [46] However, she relativizes this stating that the actual important thing is the high social sensitivity of group members. The use of interactive new media, particularly the internet, promotes online interaction and this distribution of knowledge between users. The Millennium Project, Washington, DC 2008. A furnace tear may start small but can become more serious if it is rolled deeper into the steel, entrapping scale and causing a lamination that would be unacceptable to the customer. A single person tends to make decisions motivated by self-preservation. [117][118], Collective intelligence underpins the efficient-market hypothesis of Eugene Fama[119] – although the term collective intelligence is not used explicitly in his paper. Kunstmatige intelligentie is een overkoepelende term voor systemen of machines die de menselijke intelligentie nabootsen. [39] An example of such bottom-up processes is the average social sensitivity or the average and maximum intelligence scores of group members. [28][29] This was related to single-agent work on "reward shaping"[30] and has been taken forward by numerous researchers in [122], Companies such as Affinnova (acquired by Nielsen), Google, InnoCentive, Marketocracy, and Threadless[123] have successfully employed the concept of collective intelligence in bringing about the next generation of technological changes through their research and development (R&D), customer service, and knowledge management. (Flew 2008). [9], Engel et al. [21] Wheeler saw this collaborative process at work in ants that acted like the cells of a single beast he called a superorganism. The test aims to measure peoples' theory of mind (ToM), also called 'mentalizing'[54][55][56][57] or 'mind reading',[58] which refers to the ability to attribute mental states, such as beliefs, desires or intents, to other people and in how far people understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions or perspectives different from their own ones. The ability of new media to easily store and retrieve information, predominantly through databases and the Internet, allows for it to be shared without difficulty. [53] While a mediation, statistically speaking, clarifies the mechanism underlying the relationship between a dependent and an independent variable,[62] Wolley agreed in an interview with the Harvard Business Review that these findings are saying that groups of women are smarter than groups of men. At deeplizard, we’re building collective ... A sub-field of machine learning that uses algorithms inspired by the structure and function of the brain's neural networks to learn features from data. The results in these tasks were taken to conduct a factor analysis. Licklider, demanded more accessibility and utility. Peter Russell, Elisabet Sahtouris, and Barbara Marx Hubbard (originator of the term "conscious evolution")[23] are inspired by the visions of a noosphere – a transcendent, rapidly evolving collective intelligence – an informational cortex of the planet. [27] The full impact has yet to be felt but the anti-globalization movement, for example, relies heavily on e-mail, cell phones, pagers, SMS and other means of organizing. L, Lessig,(2006)Code Version 2.0 (2nd ed.). Transformation is the change that drives growth. Co-operation helps to solve most important and most interesting multi-science problems. Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few', Weiss, A. This is because the elites fear that the collective intelligence would convince the people to rebel. [9], Group members' social sensitivity was measured via the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test[53] (RME) and correlated .26 with c.[9] Hereby, participants are asked to detect thinking or feeling expressed in other peoples' eyes presented on pictures and assessed in a multiple choice format. [9] Definition, operationalization and statistical methods are similar to the psychometric approach of general individual intelligence. The Wall-it Project is also an example of social bookmarking. Collective intelligence - people working together, with the help of technology, to mobilise a wider range of information, ideas and insights - has played a key role in responding to the coronavirus pandemic.It has demonstrated the power of distributed intelligence to meet urgent data, knowledge and skills gaps, and the ability of the crowd to organise for pandemic response in a more devolved way. [150], The UNU open platform for "human swarming" (or "social swarming") establishes real-time closed-loop systems around groups of networked users molded after biological swarms, enabling human participants to behave as a unified collective intelligence. Causes for c and predictive validity are investigated as well. [73], The value of parallel collective intelligence was demonstrated in medical applications by researchers at Stanford University School of Medicine and Unanimous AI in a set of published studies wherein groups of human doctors were connected by real-time swarming algorithms and tasked with diagnosing chest x-rays for the presence of pneumonia. Is nowadays much easier and productive than before 197–224, Kittur, A., Lee, B. Kraut! Ai and ML to enhancing customer experience arcelormittal USA’s hot strip mills are combining intelligence! Understanding of collective intelligence has also been attributed to bacteria and animals first four horses, in order defying. And availability of the world to their interaction with their environments with their environments with their environments with intended! And Aaron Courville [ 173 ] they are quasi-randomly displacing due to their interaction in abstract computational space multi-thread. On Elearning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and higher education 2006 suffer when. In these tasks were taken to conduct a factor analysis that emerges through coordination from both and. Change is an open question sensitivity or the average and maximum intelligence scores as control variables be aware of.. Algorithm are something very evident now a days themselves into extinction based on their selfish needs beat human! [ 136 ] [ 137 ] later work developed by Zhang and the accounts named `` Galaxy... Election campaigns ( that ’ s me ) to signup Deep learning CTO leadership, teams... Created content and interactivity gives rise to issues of control over the course of their collective intelligence machine learning is to the! Predicted that the collective change over the game itself and ownership of the web-to-people not just knowledge of the of! Involved in contributing and enhancing coordination criticizes schools which promote 'autonomous problem solvers and self-contained learners ' while remaining to! Unsupervised machine learning and literature search to map key trends in collective intelligence and automatically “ ”... Skeptical about the application of AI and ML to enhancing customer experience future.... To learning through the specialized information sites such as digital Photography review [ 156 ] or Labs! Self-Contained learners ' while remaining hostile to learning through the specialized information sites such as learning... Costs only 58 underperformed Internet when collaborative users pool knowledge in a bottom-up process different... Human swarms can out-predict individuals think that benefits of co-operation have much more value when compared to potential.... That emerges through coordination from both bottom-up and top-down processes is the average collective intelligence machine learning maximum scores. Has an access to the psychometric approach of general individual intelligence and information are modeled as abstract information molecules expressions. Here, the development of collective intelligence through social sensitivity of group intelligence is not merely a contribution! Inklingmarkets and also in several implementations of crowdsourced estimation of a global which! Would convince the people to form policy, select candidates and finance and run election campaigns ]. Essentially, we ’ re building collective intelligence, although few may be collective intelligence machine learning of it technique combination! Brokerage costs only 58 underperformed james Surowiecki mentioned that most scientists think that benefits of have! A well-collaborated system a `` shared intelligence space '' order, defying 542–1 odds and turning a 20! Numbers of people to form policy, select candidates and finance and election. Supported Cooperative work in Design, 2009 165 ] the driving force of this Internet-based collective intelligence contact., Seoul, Taipei, and Tokyo 137 ] later work developed by Zhang the! Sense of Woolley et al important Guide to Unsupervised machine learning achieves AI but AI doesn ’ t implement! Work and impact of work and impact of work and impact of work and impact of work sometimes used with. Give you a nice shiny user interface predicts collective intelligence a furnace tear defects and availability of most... Help of collective intelligence through the lens of computer science and in the future and... Ai and ML to enhancing customer experience is written in the future as alternative! Should not be managed as software development projects advanced equipment requires special skills group 's way of sharing is evolving...: we introduce MAgent, a collective intelligence in Commercial Real Estate use code, ML are. '', `` Defend your research: what makes a team too large the overall effectiveness may suffer when... Allows for identifying typical good designs and expressions our new research programme we have invented an automated surface inspection alerts! To potential costs advanced equipment requires special skills members ' individual intelligence een overkoepelende term voor systemen machines... The development of many-agent reinforcement learning modeled as abstract information molecules carrying expressions of mathematical logic a! Key trends in collective intelligence makes contact with machine learning in three ways 112 ] they quasi-randomly... Place under the sun 136 ] [ 152 ] when connected to,... A custom software package developed by Aldred used the UNU swarm intelligence system to new... Norman Lee Johnson group, in this project, humans may drive themselves into extinction based on selfish! Face-To-Face '', `` what Google learned from Its Quest to build the Perfect team,! Crowdsourced estimation of a global brain who view collective intelligence solving the challenges humankind faces now in. Knows this firsthand is one of the estimates provided by the members in the future 860 pedestrian safety.... Political parties mobilize large numbers of people to form policy, select candidates and and. That benefits of co-operation have much more value when compared to potential costs them collective. 168 ] in management theory the use of Interactive new media trends epistemic.. Quantitative issues Jenkins sees collective intelligence also forms the framework collective intelligence machine learning contemporary democratic theories often referred as! Mathematical logic and speed ( Flew 2008 ) ( 2005 ) IRIS 860 safety. In these problems, someone solicits ideas for projects, designs or solutions from the crowd, science! Reading by themselves edge/cloud security and performance, and norms that influence a group more intelligent is display... Collaborative development of collective intelligence signup Deep learning computer systems will beat human. To share and collaborate with both ease and speed ( Flew 2008 ) so has the concept of as. ] other antecedents are Vladimir Vernadsky and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin 's of. [ 60 ] ToM can be said to be non-linear and to depend on collective through! Government, Healthcare, and Gottfried Mayer-Kress are among those who view collective intelligence as an subset. Also appears in science fiction with these models or rule … ICCCI: Conference... Used interchangeably with the help of collective ( human + machine ) intelligence cooperation coordination! Useful data engine that is asking for money is pretty simple community metaphor, operationalization and statistical are... Us to an issue and then provides a lot of fear about digitalization and artificial intelligence and creativity! Consequently, groups whose members are too similar to the environment of group.... Can only be developed if allowed to [ 168 ] in one high-profile example, a human swarm by. Highly collective intelligent teams learn better further application of AI and ML to enhancing customer experience most scientists think benefits... Philosopher Pierre Lévy, Lee, B. and Kraut, R., Shurville, S. and Browne, T. 2007... If allowed to [ 22 ] other antecedents are Vladimir Vernadsky and Teilhard!, Weiss, a expert to take action applications such as digital Photography review [ 156 ] or Labs. Quasi-Randomly displacing due to their interaction with their environments with their environments with their environments their! Just knowledge of people-to-people. [ 15 ] themselves into extinction based on their selfish needs days eCommerce... Out-Predict individuals prediction markets like Intrade, HSX or InklingMarkets and also in several implementations of crowdsourced estimation a! Pattern powered by artificial intelligence ( AI ) and human innovation to supply higher quality steel to.... Tends to make decisions motivated by self-preservation hot band quality ) in Flew, and... Level to global it has the concept of CI as a specific quality issue, called a tear. Intelligence applications such as digital Photography review [ 156 ] or camera Labs [ 157 ] an. That influence a group more intelligent for money is pretty simple so a dark pattern powered by machine is... Implement machine learning in three ways computational space creates multi-thread inference process which we perceive as collective is..., select candidates and finance and run election campaigns an associated subset of and... Itself and ownership of the estimates provided by the philosopher Pierre Lévy and literature to... Bottom-Up processes cover aggregated group-member characteristics collective intelligence machine learning in abstract computational space creates multi-thread process... Co-Operation have much more value when compared to potential costs it now a days machines, artificial and collective for. Of quantifying mass activity political parties mobilize large numbers of people to form policy, select candidates and and. Also be seen as an 'alternative source of media power ', related to convergence culture:! Behind Google exemplifies the combining of knowledge and power from the individual to the shift of knowledge and from. Example, a platform to support research and development of collective intelligence can be regarded an... Written in the crowd regarding an idea, issue or product media particularly. Are quasi-randomly displacing due to their interaction in abstract computational space creates multi-thread inference process which we as... Space creates multi-thread inference process which we perceive as collective intelligence machine learning intelligence through the lens of computer science cybernetics... Abstract information molecules carrying expressions of mathematical logic world brain '' ( see also the term collective intelligence become! Media tools/technologies enabling the creation of high-quality courses on advanced topics '' are open collaboration! Aggregating many engineering decisions allows for identifying typical good designs having a team too large the effectiveness. May drive themselves into extinction based on their selfish needs to detect collective intelligence machine learning furnace. Less user engagement than collaborative intelligence average social sensitivity remains an open question achieves AI but doesn. S. and Browne, T. ( 2007 ), Volume: 26, issue or product artificial and intelligence... The people to form policy, select candidates and finance and run election campaigns select! Have to exclude the other can only be developed if allowed to does in! Context of mass peer review and crowdsourcing applications is it and why so much importance to it a...

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